Littlefield Technologies Simulation Game 2 strategy Share Essay

Littlefield Simulation 2 strategy: Littlefield Technologies Simulation Game 2 strategy Share 1 More Next Blog » Create Blog Sign In Littlefield Simulation 2 strategy Sunday, July 17, 2011 Littlefield Technologies Simulation Game 2 strategy Followers Join this site with Google Friend Connect Just went through this last semester. We ended up in first place even though we made a few minor mistakes. First a few links that helped us: There are no members yet. Be the first! http://archive.ite.journal.informs.org/Vol5No2/Miyaoka/ http://wordpress.shetgar.com/blog/?p=59 http://www.scribd.com/doc/51139499/Littlefield ­Simulation ­2 ­Report Already a member? Sign in Here is what we did: Pre ­Game Activities: The team met the Tuesday before class to examine the data  and discuss strategies. It was apparent that both Stations 1 and 3 were operating at full capacity, frequently hitting 100% utilization. Station 3 seemed more strained since it had higher queues (Mean=506, STD=498) than Station 1(Mean=187, STD=175). Since the average job lead time exceeded 2 days during days 43 through 46, inclusive, we thought it would be unprofitable to attempt to move to the $1,000 contracts. We discussed the options of altering the lot sizes, but decided that the extra setup time would only create more bottlenecks downstream. About Me Blog Archive HB ââ€" ¼ 2011 (1) View my complete profile ââ€" ¼ July (1) Littlefield Technologi es Simulation Game 2 strateg†¦ Stage 1: As a result of our analysis, the team’s initial actions included: 1. Leave the contracts at $750. 2. Change the reorder point to 3000 (possibly risking running out of stock). 3. Change the reorder quantity to 3600 kits. 4. Purchase a second machine for Station 3 as soon as our cash balance reached $137,000 ($100K + 37K). This strategy proved successful and after the second machine for Station 3 was purchased on Day 56 and the queue cleared, we were able to switch to the $1,000 contracts. We occasionally lost a few dollars for being a little late, but we always made more than we would have under the $750 contracts. Stage 2: The next goal was to save enough cash to purchase a machine for Station 1 so that we could switch to the $1,250 contracts. During the cash building stage, we made the inventory order quantity as high as we could afford, which was 6,900 kits at a purchase price of $70,000. When the 6,900 kits were delivered, we switched the order quantity back to 3,600 so that we could purchase a Station 1 machine as soon as our cash balance reached $127,000 ($90K + 37K). After 21 factory days, we were able to purchase the fourth machine for Station 1 and immediately moved to the $1,250 contracts. The average lead time declined to under a half a day during factory days 69 through 76. There was a substantial decline in arriving orders during the same time period. The team noticed the drop in lead time and regrets not having moved to the $1,250 contracts sooner. We lost $22,750 of potential revenue for not moving on the information sooner. On the other hand, orders are random and an early move could have backfired on us. Stage 3: During our preliminary meeting, the team discussed the possibility of purchasing a fifth machine for Station 1. We decided to wait and see if the loss of potential ea  rnings was sufficient to justify a $90 K purchase. We knew that if we were going to buy a fifth machine we should do it as soon as possible to maximize the return on investment. We calculated the loss of potential revenue as ($1,250 – actual average revenues * jobs completed). Our initial estimates showed a potential revenue loss of $266 per day, but within a few factory days the rate of potential loss rose to $419 per day. There is another consideration in the decision to purchase a fifth machine for Station 1. The title of the Littlefield Technologies game 2 is Customer Responsiveness. The title implies that we should be concerned about the consistency with which we deliver on our service level agreements (SLAs). The potential loss of $419 per day barely covers the $90,000 machine purchaseÍ ¾ however we were missing our SLAs 13 out of 15 days and the percent of potential revenues lost due to missing SLAs was 3%. We decided to purchase the fifth machine on Day 94 primarily to improve our customer responsiveness. This strategy did not perform as well as we had hoped. While our potential revenues lost declined to 1%, we were still missing our SLAs six out of seven days. Stage 4. During Stage 4, we explored job splitting as a solution to the SLA problem. First, we split jobs into two batch of 30 kits each. This strategy worked so well that we wondered why we hadn’t explored job splitting during Stage 2 or 3. We met our SLAs 12 out of 16 days and our percent of potential revenues lost declined to 0.4%. We calculated the setup times as a proportion of a

Alcoholism Feature Article Essay

Introduction (Opening facts): Alcohol is the most dangerous drug in Australia, beating crack and heroin into second and third place in the ranking, according to recent studies. The current research used data from the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health found that almost 60% of 18-24 year old current drinkers, who failed to complete high school, began drinking before the age of 16. The survey also revealed that teens are more likely to try alcohol for the first time during the summer months, along with other harmful drugs or cigarettes. Teens are susceptible to alcohol mostly during this time due to more idle time, fewer responsibilities and less adult supervision. Effects and results: With more than 1 in five teens between the ages of 14 and 19 of age, consuming alcohol on a weekly basis, the risk of cancer, digestive diseases and addicted related medical issues are predicted to rise. Those who drink regularly have been proven to have a lower productivity rate than those of unaffected areas. Underage drinking plays a significant role in risky, sexual and often violent behaviour, which can lead to other health issues or injuries. As a result of this, motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death in people ages 15 to 20. Deadly crashes involving alcohol are twice as common in teens compared with people 21 and older. Further more, mixing drinking with swimming or boating can be fatal. Four out of 10 teens that drown have consumed alcohol. Underage drinking has also been linked with deaths and injuries from burns, falls, alcohol poisoning and suicide. Consequently, the total cost attribute to underage drinking includes costs of traffic cras hes, violent crime and injuries and treatment, equates to over $15.2 billion per year. Signs and prevention: From the results of underage drinking proving deadly and most harmful, people in today’s modern society need to wake up to the signs towards alcoholism, especially towards younger victims. Mood changes, irritability and defensiveness are physical signs, which can be easily recognised. Another example is further school problems such as poor attendance, low grades and rebellion against family rules. Although many of the symptoms may seem typical towards an ordinary teenager, parents and carers should still be aware of these as they may reflect on how their child may be suffering from alcoholism. ‘It is critically important to take every opportunity we can, throughout the year to talk to our young people about the real risk of substance abuse and effective measures for avoiding it, so they will be informed and capable of making the right responsible decision.’ Common Experiences: A recent victim who has suffered from alcohol as a result to his death, is Liam Davies (16). As reported after New Years, Davies drank the tainted alcohol while celebrating New Year’s in Sydney with friends. He was rushed to a local hospital where he was in an unstable critical condition from alcohol poisoning. The Davies family released a statement asking for Australians to be careful when holidaying abroad or drinking in general. â€Å"We would like to make people aware of the risks associated with consuming alcohol, especially without appropriate supervision†.

Asian Popular Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

Asian Popular Culture - Essay Example Therefore, it is important for HR management to be involved in organizational planning in order to identify the appropriate resources to attain the planned objectives. Secondly, organizations are able to craft effective and successful corporate strategies with the help of HR management. Effective corporate strategies can be formulated with the help of HR management because of several reasons. To start with, HR policies can easily achieve coordination flexibility where it is possible to make effective use of available resources by making necessary reallocation to keep up with the changing needs hence making it easy for an organization to attain desired objectives even in a changing environment. In addition, HR policies can help an organization to attain resource flexibility, which is essential for company success in the market particularly if product or service differentiation is the strategy of choice to compete in the market. Resource flexibility can be attained through cross-training, job rotation and team training, processes that can be effectively executed through HRM management. i. HR management can help to identify the correct type of employees in order for the organization to attain core objectives. For example, HR can help to acquire employees with minimal to average skills for companies that adopt Low-Cost-Provider Strategy or highly skilled employees for companies that adopt Differentiation Strategy in market competition. ii. HR management can initiate the correct procedures to select appropriate employees in different organizations. Recruitment costs should be kept at the lowest levels in companies in order to reduce the general expenditures. In this case, the HR is responsible for evaluating the cheapest avenues of sources employees with the required skills. For instance, the HR department can decide to advertise internally through a memo if an evaluation of existing employees indicates that

Counseling process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Counseling process - Essay Example e flow of the changing times and therapists are open-minded enough to unconditionally accept clients from all walks of life, with a wide variety of issues and problems. Two forms of postmodern approaches which share very similar points and strategies: the Solution Focused Brief Therapy and the Narrative Therapy. For both forms, therapy is expected to be brief (around 5 sessions). Its focus is on the positive qualities and events of the client’s life. The present situation of the client is what is dealt with to enable him to live a better life in the future. Clients choose the goals they wish to accomplish in therapy with little attention to the history, diagnosis or exploration of their problems. The therapists adopt a â€Å"not knowing† position and offer the â€Å"expert† position to the client, as it is believed he is actually the expert in his own life. Specifically, the Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) does not dwell in the discussion of the problem but on finding solutions for it. Usually, the solution comes from exploring the clients’ positive characteristics and shift in perspective from the negative to positive. Therapists highlight optimistic and achievable goals, as set by the clients. Therapists guide their clients that if what is currently being done to solve the problem is not working, then they try another strategy until they achieve their goals. Much of the success in therapy lies in the encouragement of the therapist to empower the client to see the good things happening in his life instead of nitpicking on the negative. Such positive influence is believed to create a transformation in the client’s worldviews. Narrative Therapy shares the same beliefs, the only difference being the focus on the clients’ life stories. Basically, clients tell their stories, and therapists focus on more positive parts and how these parts may contribute to the solution of their problems. The goal of therapy is changing the client’s

Marketing Audit Approach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Audit Approach - Essay Example retaining and growing the value of existing customers-new internal systems and operations are needed to manage the communication demands of relationship marketing. The relevance of marketing audit is the current Marketing management and performance of the organization - the overall marketing strategy of the business and the assumptions on which the strategy is based. The purpose of a marketing audit is not to determine any weaknesses or inefficient activities, but rather to identify whether there are any working practices that could be more effective. The marketing team within a business is fully involved in the marketing audit. They may carry out the audit themselves, or with the support of an outside consultant. A thorough audit of the external and internal environments impacting on marketing is essential in providing the foundation for the marketing plan. A marketing audit is a series of important questions, such as: Consequently, companies are setting up cross-functional processes and making other structural changes to better manage brand relationships. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of such efforts, there is an increasing need to audit these internal processes to make sure that they are, in fact, integrated, and operating efficiently and effectively. Observation, Impact of the observation on marketing objectiv... Impact of the observation on marketing objectives, Recommendations and Final Action of the management to correct the flaw as pointed out in the observation. This can be used to improve current strategies or introduce more effective activities and working practices. The marketing audit aims at observing the functioning of the marketing and sales departments by objectively analyzing the marketing function of a business, by looking in particular at: Efficiency - how the marketing team is structured, the processes employed, and how outside agencies and services are used; this is measured by looking at the infrastructure of the business. Each marketing function is separated into discrete tasks and key issues that affect the business are identified. Effectiveness - results of marketing activity and by looking at how the budget has been spent in relation to the original objectives; this is measured by assessing the impact of the marketing activity, compared to the size of the marketing budget being spent. The marketing spend is analyzed by service, type of activity and intended result Quality - reviewed, by measuring it against external opinions from clients and other stakeholders; this is measured by comparison with 'best practice'. It can also be done by benchmarking. The "benchmark" provides a standard for future campaigns. The cost and impact of marketing is measured against similar activities in other organizations. This information can be difficult to obtain, as it is often confidential. Benchmarking can reap rewards The methods of conducting a marketing audit could be any of the following: 1. Core Competencies Questionnaire: This questionnaire determines the respondents' knowledge of the marketing and marketing communication plans and practices and their attitudes

Modernism and Postmodernism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Modernism and Postmodernism - Essay Example In the next section the focus will shift to the contribution and impact of modernism and postmodernism to our society. "Modernism signals a dialectical opposition to what is not functionally 'modern, namely 'tradition'." (Eysteinsson, 1990, pg.8). The term modernism refers to a movement that gained popularity in the closing years of the 19th century and was prevalent through the period of the world wars right upto the late 1940's. (criticalpoet website) Like any other socio-cultural movement, modernism has a great impact on the poetry, fiction, drama, painting, music and architecture of that era. The era of modernism has also been referred to as the period of 'scientific idealogy'. The ideologies of modernism were backed by scientific rationale and these scientific theories were used to expose the failing of rival beliefs. A popular example of modernist is the theory of Darwinism as against the Biblical Literalism. (Nine O'clock Service website) It was an era when people tried to break away from traditional beliefs and practices. breaking away from convention there were several experiments with news forms and styles of self expression. The website of the Nine O'clock Service quotes J.urry whi in his 'The tourist gaze: leisure and travel in contemporary societies' (1990) says Modernism ""involves structural differentiation. the separate development of a number of institutional and normative spheres; of the economy, the family, the state, science, morality, and an aesthetic realm" (p.84) The website goes on to state that the modernist sees ordered differences in all aspects of life like scientific and every day knowledge, literature and popular fiction class and mass"; "art and craft"; "education and entertainment or even serious and commercial. In terms of sociology, the modern society is said to reflect the industrialized world where technology plays an important role. The age also saw the break up of traditional communities and religious beliefs and individuals with their strength and convictions came into prominence. But modernism had its flaws. Over the years another school of thought challenged the modernists notion of truth as defined by science. This wave has been called 'post-modernism'. Historian Arnold Toynbee first used the term post-modern in 1939. A very broad based term, post modernism has come to define the beleife that there can be no absolute truth and focuses on the concept of relativity. It is a revolutionary theory that does not believe in the pursuit of truth on defined knowledge. Instead postmdernism believes that every experience is unique and temporary. (Rosenau.P, 1992, pg 26) It suggests that there are no single truths and experiences and circumstances define our understanding of truth. Post modernism too has had its impact on every walk of life. This theory came into prominence somewhere in the late 1940's and early 1950's. The idea of postmodernism is relevant in the works of thinkers like Friedrich Nietzsche. His "death of God" movement propounded the theory that knowledge is interpretive with no one meaning. With the death of God Nietzsche held that moral truth was relative. The self was acclaimed as the most powerful who he termed superman. But with the rise of powerful men like Hitler and stalin who held the society to ransom, thinkers of the post war generation realized the significance of

How does the Pentagon currently try to influence the content of Essay - 1

How does the Pentagon currently try to influence the content of Hollywood movies - Essay Example The relationship between Hollywood and Pentagon is not entirely a new phenomenon, or something dubious. The Pentagon would claim that it evolved out of a historic necessity, during the World War I when the State very much needed domestic support for the war. Pentagon in fact won with this logical premise to get license to interfere in the media industry. But now the relationship has matured and the interference has become mandatory to preserve and protect the image of the US Army, Marines and the Air Force, particularly in the wake of the US military operations after the Cold War. ‘Pentagon today sees the film business as an important part of public relations.’ Military depictions have become more of a commercial for them. Pentagon’s objectives Pentagon is not alone, many organisations like the CIA have their liaison offices in the Hollywood to influence the content of the film. But no doubt the biggest influence i that of the Pentagon’s ‘which exercises control over the films in which military are involved by providing soldiers and equipment or by refusing them.’ The Pentagon has three main objectives in trying to control the entertainment industry. The first is to teach history to the world as the United States sees it, or you can say an American version of the occurrences around the world, something like embedded reporting or embedded journalism. A real propaganda of the American policies. The second is to create a good image for the military. This includes recommendations to use sober, spruced up language, (no foul language!), no use of drugs or other unnatural or offensive behaviour.

Communicating the Vision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communicating the Vision - Essay Example For a university to achieve its vision and strategies, every person in the university should be participative in a way. This paper helps to show the effectiveness of achieving the vision. Communication plays a major role in different organizations, in that it is essential for any developmental change to occur. Organizational communication helps to improve employees’ interpretation of organizational activity, which improves their support and commitment to the activity and hence legitimacy for the organizational activity increases. Organizations either engaged in merger and acquisition or not can use narratives as a tool to gain legitimacy from their employees. This is because narrative form of communication is thought to be more influential than other forms of communication. Use of narratives gives the ability to order and organize a collection of events in sequence. Since there is direct communication in the organization, both the leaders and the employees will be able to shape, organize and structure events so that they support each other, in a way that clarifies how each event contributes individually and as part of the whole organization. Narratives also help to clear the uncertainty of merges in organizations. Many successful organizations use narratives as their way of communication, which is why they experience tremendous change. For instance, managers sharing stories about some of their secrets to success with their employees can help create a friendly environment within the organization and the employees will not feel under pressure to work in that organization. Sharing experiences through narratives is a powerful way to consolidate and exchange knowledge. Narratives help in kick starting new ideas, socializing new members, mending relationships, sharing wisdom and building or renewing trust among the people working in a certain organization. Some examples of narratives include storytelling, modeling, simulations,

Charles & Ray Eames Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Charles & Ray Eames - Movie Review Example Finally, their refusal to accept art/architecture, and function at face value meant that they had a unique ability to think outside the box and incorporate new and oftentimes unthought-of designs into objects as mundane as furniture or as complex as modern representation of minimalistic art (Schinler 1). It was further interesting that the documentary noted that it was difficult to pin down exactly what Ray and Charles Eames were. This fact in and of itself is highly useful for the viewer to understand the fact that the artists themselves did not consider themselves to be constrained by a singular definition with relation to being an architect, artist, designer, or any other such label which would only serve to constrain the artistic endeavors that the pair regularly engaged upon. Further, the documentary noted that the pair could be viewed as the Google of their time; as they were so revolutionary and so creative that they continually wowed their clients with the designs that they could come up with. Schinler, Sarah. "A Rare Look At The Eames Offices Graphic Design." Co.Design. N.p., 14 Apr. 2011. Web. 26 Nov. 2012.

Commercial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Commercial - Essay Example According to Sale of Goods Act 1979, under Section 18, if the contract is unconditional the property in the goods passes to the buyer when the contract is made immaterial of the time of payment or delivery. Kevin has given his assent for unconditional appropriation of the aquarium to the contract. As part of the deal, Jackie agreed to dismantle the aquarium, package it for transit and arrange for it to be sent to Kevin’s premises. Under Section 32 (1) of the Act, if the seller is required to send the goods, delivery of goods to a career whether named by the buyer or not for transmission to the buyer is deemed to be delivery in performance of the contract, unless there is evidence to the contrary. However this is subject to Section 32 (2) which stipulates unless otherwise authorized by the buyer, the seller must make such contract with the carrier on behalf of the buyer as may be reasonable, having regard to the nature of the goods and the other circumstances of the case. It is not clearly stated whether the aquarium has been insured. If the consignment has been insured Kevin can claim compensation from the insurance company. If Jackie has failed to insure the aquarium as a prudent buyer would have done, then the buyer may decline to treat the delivery to carrier as a delivery to him, or hold Jackie responsible in damages under the normal circumstances. However, the statement â€Å"As part of the deal, Jackie agreed to dismantle the aquarium, package it for transit and arrange for it to be sent to Kevin’s premises by the end of the week† indicates that Jackie has complied with the instructions of Kevin and done as he has been authorised. Advice: Jackie has made delivery according to the contractual terms. He cannot he held responsible in damages or loss. 2. Sale of canary feed to Leah Facts of the case: On Thursday morning Leah placed an order for 75 bags of canary feed for despatch on Monday. The order was accepted and the payment to be mad e within 10 days of despatch. On Thursday evening, Jackie discovered that some of her stock records were incorrect and that there were in fact just 25 bags of canary feed. Jackie has now contacted Leah to cancel the contract. Analysis: The contract was based on valid offer, acceptance and consideration. The agreement was legally binding as there were intentions on the part of Jackie and Leah to create legal relations. The offer cannot be considered ‘invitation to treat’. Therefore, Jackie has the duty to deliver canary feed. Otherwise, she is liable for action in damages for non delivery under section 51.

Assessing Importance of School Factors Such as Racism Essay Example for Free

Assessing Importance of School Factors Such as Racism Essay A variety of material disadvantages that may confront ethnic minorities coming from working class backgrounds are they do not achieve the same level of education. The main achievers are Indian, Chinese and African students, but the lowest achievers are Turkish, Bangladeshi And Afro Caribbean students. The white working class students are the lowest achieving, which is peculiar because most sociologists are white who stereotype and label other students from different backgrounds. The main cause of underachievement in schools are cultural and language factors which sociologists clarify and focus on and are thought to be main cause of everything. Previously the spotlight has been put on what happens in school and racism in common As shown by Cecile Wright, which explains that, Asian students can also be the victims of teachers Cecile found out that regardless of the schools evident promise to equal opportunities, teachers still hold ethnocentric views they believe that British culture and English are greater. This prepared teachers to assume that they would have a poor pronunciation of English and left them out of class debates or used basic, childlike speech when speaking to them. Asian pupils also felt cut off when teachers spoken dissatisfaction of their behaviour or misread their names. Teachers saw them not as a risk but as a difficulty they could take no notice of. This resulted in that Asian pupils in particular the girls were hard-pressed to the limits and disallowed from play a part fully. Close at hand is proof of teacher racial discrimination and harmful labelling. Nevertheless study shows that pupils can take action in variety of ways. They may take action by becoming unsettling or withdrawn but pupils may decline to agree to the label and even choose to prove it incorrect by putting in hard work. Off-putting labels do not repeatedly twist into self-fulfilling prophecy Working class white pupils attain below standards and have lesser desires. There isn’t much parental support at home, which means there is low achievement and goals. Reports show that teachers have to deal with low level of behaviour and discipline in white working class schools. Nevertheless they had fewer kids on benefit programs teachers blame this on inadequate parental support at home and negative attitude that white working class parents have towards their children and their education. The life in the street for white working class can be tough for pupils which means they get used to getting intimidating and intimidate other which they pick up and use in school to cause disruptions and make it hard for other students to succeed at school. Underachievement of student of different is blamed on cultural deprivation. Few sociologists say that Afro-Caribbean families lack a close relationship to their family and therefore are extremely violent towards everything they do. Arguments explain that families aren’t very supportive towards their children and they don’t offer enough cultural capital for their children. Stereotypical views suggest those students are not deprived because of their class or because of their backgrounds. Factors like social class are important to certain ethnic minorities like Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and a considerable amount of Afro-Caribbean students, which are all working class backgrounds in which material deprivation play a main role because to find out why they achieve below the national standards. Sociologists say schools and curriculums made just for one specific group of ethnic minority gives priority to one particular ethnic minority while disregarding other ethnic groups. Some schools have curriculums, which are ethnocentric because they only give priority to English languages. The British curriculum has been described as exclusively British. In history Britain is thought to bring civilisation to ancient people are colonised. Black people as inferior weakens black children’s self esteem and Leads to them to underachieving and failing. It isn’t for sure what effects the ethnocentric study shows that black don’t really suffer from low self esteem. Wright’s study found some ethnic minority groups received poorer interaction from staff. Teachers perceptions were seem as stereotypical although Asian students were seen as good and black students were seen disruptive and disobedient. Study show that schools in cities which contain ethnic minority students were not benefitting in terms of O Levels entries because of being in low set and having to achieve high grade in order to get good results and become successful. Overall taking into consideration we can not split or label ethnicity from social classes and gender since this is really difficult matter as some of the main achieving students are from ethnic minorities so for that reason there isn’t a connection here so we can’t make statements or come to conclusions as to what the association among ethnic groups and schools actually are. Pupils can refuse to accept negative classing and teacher expectations. Sociologists can’t come to a conclusion to explain what occurs between teacher and students or what takes place in different ethnic groups related to education. Students live up to roles they are given but can try to resist the labels and getting put behind by carrying out what is thought of them to do or do what they want to do and achieve good education and become successful.

Significance of External Factors in Business Economics

Significance of External Factors in Business Economics Contents Introduction Social factors and their significance when it comes to business-economics Legal and Political Legal and Political Factors in the SLEPT analysis Economic factors and their influence on business economics Technological factors and business economics Conclusion References Introduction Maintaining the current market share, or being capable of growing in terms of market share, in this continuously changing world means that businesses cannot afford to stand still. In order to keep ahead in the face of increasing global competition, companies must closely follow developments in their external environment, which consists of: society, legal systems, economic factors, These factors are interrelated and are capable of significant change. The industry chosen in order to analyze these factors and to which extent firms should take these factors into account is the airline industry. The external environment in which airlines operate is particularly volatile and difficult. All the factors mentioned above have a great impact on the airline industry in particular. Therefore the airlines industry is deemed to be an adequate proxy for the analysis. In an attempt to analyze the external factors in order to evaluate how and to which extent companies should assess these external factors the SLEPT method will be used, i.e. an investigation of the Social, Legal, Economic, Political, and Technological influences on a business. Furthermore the reactive and anticipatory approaches will be discussed to evaluate which is more useful. In this report the following airlines will be used to explain the theory supplied: United Airlines and Virgin Atlantic. These were chosen, because of the differences in size and ways of operating. Social factors and their significance when it comes to business-economics By Rink Sikkes Social factors consist mainly out of cultural factors and social trends, namely health consciousness or consumer lifestyle. They also consist out of demographic factors, for example age distribution and population growth. Every culture has different wants and needs, so when a business just focusses on only one culture or group of people, other cultures might feel left out and they will be less attracted to the company its service or product. For this reason a business needs to modify its business strategy to a large variety of cultures. To achieve superior customer service Virgin Airlines has done research into cultural diversity and they offer their staff training in cultural awareness. This way they are able to identify every cultural nuance affecting customer satisfaction.[1] This suggests that businesses have to put a substantial amount of effort into focusing on cultural diversity as they can increase customer satisfaction when they do that. It is crucial that businesses make their customers feel save when they use their products or services. Businesses can lay emphasis on their safety in order to attract more customers. When businesses are struggling to guarantee safety they attract fewer customers; the 9/11 attacks had a sizable impact on Virgin airlines and United Airlines, as the public was frightened to travel by airplane as there was a serious terrorism threat. Especially US domestic flight revenue decreased enormously right after these attacks, but when the threat decreased the revenues increased again.[2] This shows that security has a significant effect on business economics. When a lifestyle of a substantial amount of consumers shifts into a new phase, a company might suffer a severe drop or a sudden surge in market share depending on how the company focusses its product or service. For instance; Virgin Airlines offers the option to hire an extra seat for extra personal space. This is a great opportunity for couples who want some privacy during a flight, or families who demand extra space for their children. There are also certain shifts that cannot be influenced, but have a large influence on business-economics, For example the increased popularity of traveling abroad has been very beneficial for British Airways and Virgin Airlines, but they have not had any influence on this sudden shift in lifestyle, so lifestyles of consumers have a large impact on business economics A business can focus its services and products on people that have a certain amount of health consciousness, but it can also alter its products so they are attractive for any customer regardless of their health consciousness. For example; Virgin airlines and British airways have to account for obese customers that might take more room and more fuel. To remain profitable, they are obliged to either induce a so called fat tax, where customers have to pay more when their weight is above a certain level, or sell the customer a second seat because they do not fit in a single seat. As we have demonstrated, every single one of these factors has a major of impact on business-economics. They are also essential for the success of businesses since the lives of customers revolve around these factors. A business should adapt its strategy proactively to these factors in order to increase its profit and market share. Legal and Political Legal and Political Factors as external factors By Catello Alvino Political and Legal factors Political and legal factors (which are closely related to each other) heavily affect businesses, profoundly influencing their modus operandi. When new laws and regulations are approved, companies and corporations are forced to change their business strategies, sometimes with considerable effects, sometimes with almost any consequence. In the following paragraphs, some example of laws and regulations affecting businesses are being analyzed. Tax policies Tax policies can seriously change the amount of profits that a firm is able to make. It is well known that each country applies a different tax policy, thus offering endless possibilities for a firm to choose its headquarters location, considering the pros and cons of each single situation. Firms having strong relationships with their national government, might be able to get tax exemptions and improve their competitiveness towards their international rival; In fact, in the Russian Federation, in 1997, the flag carrier Aeroflot enjoyed a tax exemption by their government on the purchase of four Boeing aircrafts. This for sure reduced the operating costs for Aeroflot and increased their competitiveness towards the other Eurasian companies who may not have enjoyed the same privilege. Another example of tax policies affecting the businesses is the tax increase on the airlines industry that occurred through the years, especially in the US. It is shown in table 1 that taxes have considera bly gone up, thus increasing the ticket price and losing some customers who cannot afford a flight ticket to certain destinations anymore, often deciding to switch to train travel. Table 1, source: http://www.airlines.org/Pages/Government-Imposed-Taxes-on-Air-Transportation.aspx Trade Unions Trade Unions are a great achievement conquered by the working class in the last two centuries but a sometimes, unpredictable danger for companies. If not handled carefully, working class leaders, especially in western countries where concepts of democracy hold, can seriously damage a company performance. Companies need to engage into a stable relationship with them in order to avoid sudden stoppages of their services, which can lead to serious profit losses. For example in 1985, United Airlines experienced a 29 days long strike which resulted in huge losses in revenues. The company negotiators were able to restore the firm normal functioning only after multiple discussions and trade-offs with the workers’ representatives. This of course could have been avoided with a proactive behaviour, making sure that working conditions were optimal, or moving the company to a country where trade unions are easier to manipulate. Wars and changes in international relationships For companies operating outside their national borders, good and stable relationships between countries are crucial. A war or a diplomatic misunderstanding can turn into a forced exit from some markets or in a loss of revenue. Before deciding to operate in a certain foreign country, a firm should deeply analyze the on-going relationship with its government. Moreover, once they decide to be in business with this hypothetical country, they should be ready to react to any possible event modifying the national political situation. This can turn extremely necessary for companies operating in unstable countries like Southern American, or Eastern European countries. For example, with the recent outbreak of a serious protest in Venezuela, potential airlines passengers may think twice before deciding to travel there. This change in public opinion has for sure reduced the revenue of many companies, including United Airlines, which provides flights from the US to the capital city, Caracas. Economic factors and their influence on business economics By Sybren Dijkstra The economic factors constitute a highly important phase of strategy development for business economics, since economic factors have direct impact on the potential attractiveness of various business ventures. It is highly likely that the economic factor will have a substantial effect on business economics, however it is very hard to take all the variables into account. A direct reactive approach is considered wise when it comes to the economy. Multiple variables, which cover a large part of the economy will be discussed in this section in order to test the hypothesis: personal wealth, competition and governments. The effects of changes in personal wealth can have a substantial effect on business economics globally. Personal wealth is a combination of multiple variables, such as GDP per capita growth,interest rates, inflation rate, unemployment rates, fiscal policy, and monetary policy. Personal wealth can therefore be used as a proxy for the economy. For example, when the interest rates rise people are more likely to safe their money and that affects to which extent people are willing to consume. When comparing the amount of passengers carried (figure 1) and the world GDP per capita (figure 2) they seem to be correlated. The image is confirmed by the revenue stream in figure 3.The hypothesis that a decrease in personal wealth directly affects revenue, hence business economics An equally important part of the economic assessment is identifying potential competitors and ascertaining strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats, and possible strategies. Knowing your competitors, remains to be one of the key factors to success. Weaknesses of competitors can signify external opportunities, while major competitive strengths can pose key external threats. The more competitive information is collected, the easier it becomes to outsmart the competition. Virgin Atlantic proved this point. It had a marketing budget less than a third of what British Airways had for marketing, due to focused advertising and outsmarting the competition Virgin Atlantic was able to publish a profit of 68 million pounds, while British Airways had to report a 401 pound operating loss in 2009. Governments form the last, but equally, important part of the analysis, since they have the power to implement and alter economic policy. Governments create the legislation and frameworks in which businesses compete with one another. From time to time the government will change these rules and frameworks forcing businesses to change the way they operate. Business is thus keenly affected by government policy. The airline industry for example had to cope with higher landing charges as well as additional taxes imposed on the air—travelling public directly affecting the revenue and profit. Combining these three factors in the economic assessment in the SLEPT analysis suggest a confirmation of the hypothesis stated at the beginning of this section. Personal wealth, used a proxy for state of the economy, might be directly affecting business economics. Competitors and governments are also capable of directly affecting business economics. This suggests that the economic factors require a pro-active attitude, since it’s crucial to stay ahead of competition and that this can only be done by staying up to date on the new policies and the state of the economy. Technological factors and business economics By Ewan Tauran Technological factors affect business economics in a wide variety of ways. They play a strong role in the external environment of a firm and should be carefully assessed. Technological progress can reduce costs, improve quality and lead to innovation. These developments generally benefit both firms and consumers. However, the effects of technological progress can be very diverse. Failing to keep up with technological trends can cause serious economic damage. The assessment of technological factors is crucial for high-tech industries such as the airline industry. The constant development of technology caters to the growing need of firms to meet issues of sustainability and safety. As mentioned earlier, there are increasingly strict legal rules regarding the materials that need to go into aircraft construction in order to make them safer and more resistant to fire hazards. The rules regarding emission and climate effects are also becoming increasingly strict. Due to technological progress, airline industries can adopt newly developed technologies and conform to these new laws and regulations. As mentioned before, airline industries also encounter another issue; that of increased safety needs and wants by consumers resulting from the terrorist attacks of 9/11.[ET1] In this specific case, adopting new air transportation security technology can help airline industries address these safety issues. Though[ET2] it is the case that the airline industry employs technology extensively in its operations, they rely on aircraft producers such as Boeing and Airbus for their aircraft. With respect to aircraft technology, airline industries are limited to these aircraft producers. Therefore it is important for firms to take advantage of technological advancement in other elements of their operations. An example could be to employ more advanced technology in the front office of an airline industry. This can improve customer service which can result in an increase in ticket sales and consequently overall revenue. Another factor that should be taken into account by firms is technological advancement with respect to social media. Currently, social media is becoming increasingly important to firms all over the world as an effective marketing tool. Airline industries should realize this and adapt to the changing circumstances regarding this global trend. Technological advancements do not always have positive effects on business economics. For example, technological progress with respect to communication and the exchange of information can have serious effects on the demand for air transportation. Technological innovations such as videoconferencing limits the need for face-to-face meetings in business, consequently making the need for air travel obsolete. Individuals who live far apart geographically no longer have to visit each other physically when the opportunity to communicate digitally presents itself as a decent low-cost alternative. Due to the rapid development of technology, firms should stay focused and adapt quickly in order to survive in an increasingly competitive economic climate. At the moment, technology progresses so fast that it is becoming increasingly hard for firms to promptly adapt. Firms who fail to adapt can miss out on all of the potential positive effects from technological advancement and as a consequence lose market share[ET3]. Conclusion When taking all the SLEPT analysis factors into account, they seem to suggest that each and every factors should be taken into account and that each factor requires a pro-active approach. Firstly, the social part of the analysis demonstrates that each and every single one of these factors has a major of impact on business-economics. They are also essential for the success of businesses since the lives of customers revolve around these factors. A business should adapt its strategy proactively to these factors in order to increase its profit and market share. Secondly, the research done on political and legal factors also suggests that these factors require a pro-active attitude towards these factors. Thirdly, the economic analysis suggests that the economic factors require a pro-active attitude, since it’s crucial to stay ahead of competition and that this can only be done by staying up to date on the new policies and the state of the economy. And lastly the technological part of the analysis suggests that due to the rapid development of technology, firms should stay focused and adapt quickly in order to survive in an increasingly competitive economic climate. At the moment, technology progresses so fast that it is becoming increasingly hard for firms to promptly adapt. Firms who fail to adapt can miss out on all of the potential positive effects from technological advancement and as a consequence lose market share[ET4]. However the research for this report does not cover all industries, just the airline industry was used as an example, also the cost of keeping up with all these factors would be astronomical. To come up with a more definitive conclusion more research is required. References IATA. (2014).FACT SHEET: Industry Statistics .Available: http://www.iata.org/pressroom/facts_figures/fact_sheets/Documents/industry-facts.pdf. Last accessed 30 April 2014. Indexmundi. (2011).GDP per capita (PPP) (US$).Available: http://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?v=67c=xxl=en. Last accessed 30 April 2014. 1 [1] http://www.intersperience.com/images/Virgin Atlantic Case Study.pdf [2] http://seekingalpha.com/article/120335-domestic-air-travel-lowest-since-postminus-9-11 [ET1]I need to change this sentence. [ET2]Paragraph is missing a proper topic sentence [ET3]Conclusion needs more body [ET4]Conclusion needs more body

Effect of Culture on Differences in Conceptions of Education

Effect of Culture on Differences in Conceptions of Education I chose the following articles which examined the effects of culture on the differences in conceptions of education. Human thought and behavior are heavily influenced by the practices and assumptions of a certain culture and education cannot escape this influence (Brislin, Bochner, Lonner, 1975; Cole, 1996). As the course (AH103) sought to examine educational outcomes in cross cultural settings, I personally believe that a deeper and more critical understanding of how education is perceived, valued and conceptualized across cultures is important. The only opportunity we had to discuss such a topic in class was the short article, â€Å"Mind or Virtue† by Jin Li (2005) and I felt that it was quite limited. In addition, I believe that understanding the ideas of influential thinkers from different cultures such as Confucius, Socrates and Dewey can shed light on how different cultures have perceived education historically and how they continue to be influenced by them. Finally, these articles demonstrate that we can borrow best practices from different cultures to better prepare our students for the globalized world and I feel that it would be helpful for us being future teachers to understand that. Article 1: Cultural Perspectives on Teaching and Learning: A collaborative self-study of two professors first year teaching experiences. (Hu Smith, 2011) The first article (Hu and Smith, 2011) documents the reflective experiences of Hu and Smith, assistant professors of Chinese and American nationality respectively. Throughout their first year at the same university, they utilized the self-study approach to explore their views of teaching and learning and how their different cultural backgrounds could have influenced their perspectives. The approach which included conversations and writing and sharing reflections about their teaching practices helped them clarify their education philosophies. Hu and Smith (2011) shared that their educational philosophies were mainly influenced by Chinese Confucianism and Deweyan pragmatism respectively. The article went on to provide more information about both philosophies but this will not be discussed in this paper owing to the length constraint. Upon reflection, they realized that their educational philosophies heavily influenced their teaching practices. For example, Hu believed that it was more important to be a strict teacher: â€Å"I have been influenced since I was young in China that a strict teacher prepares better students. I thought that I should be a strict teacher, and be responsible for my students; however, it seems that my students really did not appreciate that. (Hu, 10 February 2009)† On the other hand, Smith believed that being an understanding teacher was more important: â€Å"Teaching is making connections with students, inspiring them, showing them many strategies to use in teaching, allowing them time to practice the strategies, make mistakes, revise, and plan again. My duty as an instructor is to do all in my power to assist in the students’ learning. Yet I found that some of my students lacked the desired dispositions to become excellent teachers. (Smith, 23 June 2009)†. There were also other differences in their teaching beliefs (e.g. Smith believed that students should learn to be assertive while Hu believed in the importance of modesty). These differences were mutually exclusive and reflected the different conceptualizations of education in the two countries. However, Hu and Smith (2011) believed that the collaborative self-study experience helped them to understand the teaching values of their own and another culture more profoundly. After scrutinizing the philosophies of education in both eastern and western cultures and comparing and contrasting their own views of teaching and learning, they managed to gain insights that went beyond recognizing the differences between the two. In fact, they recognized the strengths of each philosophy and sought to integrate both philosophies to provide more effective instruction (Hu Smith, 2011). For example, Smith helped Hu to obtain a deeper understanding of American classroom culture. As the use of role models in education is prevalent in Chinese culture (Reed, 1995), Hu praised students who had performed well in class with the intention to encourage them and hoped that other students would be encouraged to emulate them. To Hu’s surprise, some students felt that their efforts were not affirmed in the process of being compared to others. Smith helped Hu understand that US students value individualism and working at their own academic level and pace. Consequently, teachers believe in differentiated instruction and praise. In addition, Hu helped Smith to embrace the eastern views of learning: that students should be diligent, respectful, and virtuous. Smith made a conscious effort to share these values with her students and help them appreciate and foster those values. For example, she modeled a strong work ethic and enforced strict grading policies and deadlines. She also requested students to assess themselves on punctuality, participation, completion of assignments and staying focused at the end of each class. Many of her students provided feedback that they were inspired by Smith sharing about and fostering Eastern views of education and felt that it has given them new perspectives towards education. Therefore, Hu and Smith (2011) believed that integrating their cultural views of teaching and learning helped them to achieve the best of both worlds. However, they believed that it is only possible if the teacher is interested to achieve such a balance. However, despite having great interest in achieving the balance, Hu and Smith (2011) realized that their own views of teaching and learning were greatly influenced by their cultural backgrounds and were not easily altered. As such, they worked hard to integrate both cultural beliefs of teaching and learning within their teaching practices. Lastly, Hu and Smith (2011) argued that understanding different educational philosophies can help teachers better serve their students in the increasingly globalized world. I chose this article because I appreciated the authors deeply reflecting about their own educational philosophies and seeking to uncover how their cultural backgrounds have affected them. In addition, I loved the simple message that there are strengths in both the Deweyan and Confucian approaches and that integrating them in our teaching practices can better serve all our students. Article 2: Rethinking Teacher Education: Synchronizing Eastern and Western Views of Teaching and Learning to Promote 21st Century Skills and Global Perspectives. (Smith Hu, 2013) The second article was written by the same authors of the first article. After four years of experience with the integrated philosophy of eastern and western perspectives and receiving positive feedback, Smith and Hu (2013) decided to follow up on their first self-study (Hu Smith, 2011) by investigating how their integrated philosophy have influenced teaching and learning of 21st century skills in their college students (Smith Hu, 2013). The authors firmly believed that 21st century skills such as critical thinking, creativity and problem solving must be embedded into the curriculum because research had shown that students require these skills to succeed in work and life (Association of American Colleges Universities, 2007, Partnership for 21st Century Skills, 2007). For the study, Smith and Hu (2013) analyzed different sources from the past four years: 1) monthly self-study meeting notes, (2) self-reflective journals, (3) student and departmental peer evaluations of teaching, and (4) faculty and student feedback on the authors’ invited presentations. Smith and Hu (2013) found that their integrated philosophy was very effective in developing 21st century skills. For example, in the area of career and life skills, the western view helps to develop self-confidence, individuality and democratic education while the eastern view help foster the virtues of hard work, responsibility, commitment, and persistence in students. The integrated philosophy thus developed both sets of skills as both authors upheld rigorous teaching standards and high expectations. Moreover, the integrated philosophy worked well in terms of learning and innovation skills. Smith’s western perspective influenced by Dewey promote creativity, critical thinking, communication, and collaboration through inquiry teaching and active learning. While personalized instruction is valued by the eastern perspective, the integrated philosophy valued collaboration with peers as an important part of teaching and learning. Over the years in their classes, presentations and conferences, Smith and Hu (2013) learned that educators from a diverse range of cultures were interested in cultivating global teaching perspectives. In addition, they all value 21st century skills and believe them to be important student outcomes. Having witnessed firsthand the importance and necessity of incorporating best practices from other cultures, the authors believe that educators across all disciplines should develop a global perspective of teaching and learning and provided some recommendations. Firstly, educators must examine themselves to unearth their personal cultural philosophy of teaching and learning (possibly using self-study like the authors). In addition, professional development sessions with other colleagues can be a good way to develop cultural understanding. Next, educators should consider collaborating to integrate cultural perspectives to promote 21st century skills. Finally, teaching and learning must alwa ys respect and take into account the diverse cultures of all students and families. I chose this article because it was a rich qualitative study which clearly articulated the benefits of utilizing an integrated philosophy in fostering 21st century skills. I think it would really encourage future and current educators to rethink their own educational philosophies and utilized the integrated one proposed by the authors. Article 3: Learning Considered Within a Cultural Context: Confucian and Socratic Approaches (Tweed Lehman, 2002) The last article (Tweed Lehman, 2002) used a Confucian–Socratic framework to analyze how academic learning is influenced by culture. At the start of the article, the authors clearly examined how different education processes are valued differently by Socrates and Confucius from the Western and Eastern cultures respectively. While Socrates encouraged students to question widely accepted knowledge privately and publicly and to create and articulate their own hypotheses, Confucius valued respectful, effortful, and pragmatic acquisition of essential knowledge so as to result in behavioral reform. While recognizing that examples of both Confucian and Socratic approaches can be found in both cultural contexts, Tweed and Lehman (2002) helped readers understand the impact of each approach in a different culture. Firstly, in some Western educational contexts, the Confucian approach may be advantageous- for example, in the case when students are expected to gain and utilize foundational knowledge to familiar and novel situations. However, the Confucian approach may be a disadvantage in other contexts- for example, students heavily influenced by the Confucian approach may speak up less in class and be perceived by their teachers to be less capable. In addition, it is also important to note the impact of the Socratic approach in Eastern educational contexts. The Socratic approach can potentially result in the disruption of the learning environment due to the lack of sensitivity to the social consequences of public criticism. In addition, Yang (1986) argued that the Socratic Method co uld lead to disorientation in Chinese classrooms because students may not be well prepared to engage in arguments, leading to poor student outcomes. However, there are also instances when a Socratic orientation has merits in Eastern educational contexts, such as when instructors yearn to be questioned (there are times when even Confucius wished that his students doubted his teachings). After examining the impact of each approach in a different culture, Tweed and Lehman (2002) argued that students who are academically bicultural and can adapt their learning approach according to cues in the academic environment may be more successful. Therefore, Tweed and Lehman (2002) agreed with the authors of the previous two articles (Smith Hu, 2011) that educators should encourage both inquiry (Socratic) and thoughtful acquisition (Confucian). This will help students gain knowledge and thinking skills that become useful in many domains beyond the current academic context. Although Tweed and Lehman (2002) did not refer to the above skills explicitly as 21st century skills, it is safe to assume that they would agree with Smith Hu (2013) about their importance too. Furthermore, Tweed and Lehman (2002) argued that students and educators alike may not entirely acknowledge the influence of culture on students’ academic role and behaviors. Wollenburg (1995) had identified the poor treatment of students of Asian descent in Western educational institutions and argued that it is partly due to a lack of understanding of different conceptions of learning. Therefore, Tweed and Lehman (2002) posited that an increased understanding of these conceptions can potentially inform changes at the institutional level that can improve education for all. Before concluding, Tweed and Lehman (2002) suggested several additional avenues for future research. Firstly, they believed that we should explore the nature and feasibility of academic biculturalism. For example, it would be beneficial if we can answer the following question: what distinguishes students who possesses both Confucian Socratic approaches to learning? Secondly, they believed that future research could examine the utility of the Socratic-Confucian framework as an educational tool in both unicultural and cross-cultural environments. Tweed and Lehman (2002) found out through informal discussions with their students that learning about the framework has helped them understand their own approaches to learning and become more flexible learners. I chose this article because it provided more evidence on the benefits of utilizing the integrated approach. In addition, it helped readers understand the ideas of another influential thinker in education, Socrates. Conclusion To conclude, I hope that these three articles can help students in the course develop a more nuanced appreciation of the influence of culture on the different educational philosophies, namely Confucian, Deweyan and Socratic. Rather than simply recognizing that certain educational processes are valued differently across cultures, I hope that students can go on and appreciate the strengths of each of the three educational philosophies and seek to utilize the integrated approach to better serve their students.

Trumans Blunder: The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb Essay examples -

The atomic policy against Japan was closely related to the fear of Soviet expansion in Asia. U.S. leaders were strongly conscious of Russia’s agreement at Yalta to join the war against Japan three months past Germany’s surrender on May 7, 1945 (Fogelman, 124). Among the U.S. invasion of Japan planned for November 1, 1945, U.S. officials were doubtful about the cooperative mission with Russia in which Russia would have power at the peace table. However, the successful detonation at Alamogordo had transformed everything. The bomb guaranteed that the U.S. no longer required Russian aid to win in the Pacific (Wainstock, 132). In reality, Russian involvement would now only threaten American postwar interests. If successful, the atomic bomb had clear long-term political and diplomatic repercussions. Nearly all of the president’s primary consultants on were in agreement regarding the issue (Robert Jay Lifton, 216). The overall agreement was that the bomb would be a radical new force in influencing American policy and assist in dealing with numerous problems of the postwar world. Anti-Asian bigotries, with their origins in the 19th century, added to the way Americans rapidly radicalized World War II within Asia. Racist beliefs concerning the Japanese reached its highest in the aftershock of the destructive surprise attack at Pearl Harbor (Maddox, 138). Americans started to classify World War II as two very different wars, the Pacific war and the European war. In Europe, Hitler and the Nazis were identified as enemies and were distinguished from the German people as a whole. On the other hand, in the Pacific, American antagonism was usually targeted the entire Japanese race or the â€Å"Japs† as they were called. Throughout the war, the Ja... ...ure negotiations with the Soviets, the bomb had the opposite result. Instantly after Hiroshima, Stalin commanded Soviet nuclear scientists to catch up with the technology obtained by their rival, establishing the race for world dominance (Alperovitz, 416). The Soviets successfully tested its first atomic bomb on September 23, 1949; and the changeover to the atomic age had been established (Alperovitz, 419). One thing is clear; the atomic bomb was not necessary in winning the Pacific war. Nevertheless, the dominant statement in both the Roosevelt and Truman administration was that the bomb would be utilized against the enemy. The bomb functioned with a double role in quickly ending the war and instituting U.S. hegemony worldwide. However, the severe repercussions of the bomb’s utilization are far greater than the weapon’s accomplishment of concluding World War II.

Demetrius in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay -- Midsumme

The Importance of Demetrius  in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night's Dream The character, Demetrius, in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night's Dream, is very difficult to identify except by his relation to the one he loves, or, more particularly, to the one who loves him. Helena's ridiculous chasing after him and his irritation with her are the primary marks of his character. While in this state, he even begins to threaten Helena with bodily harm, coming off as not quite the gracious courtly lover he truly means to be. It's simple to discover his unchivalrous character by how easily his eye was distracted from Helena by Hermia in the beginning. He could be a gentle, loving man if he truly desired, but he takes satisfaction being put in his place by others. In the end, still under the spell of fairy magic and therefore not seeing with true eyes, he seems a bit imbecilic laughing at the acted "lovers" in the play. He doesn't realize it, but he is in a play of his own. Likewise, as with the other characters, what happens to him is far more interesting than t he sort of character he is.   Shakespeare portrays the character, Demetrius, throughout the play as lacking self-confidence, rude, violent, lacking individuality and unromantic. Since Demetrius only has two lines throughout the entire first act, it shows that he can't stand up for himself, likewise, this lack of speech displays his lack of self-confidence and image: â€Å"Relent, sweet Hermia, and, Lysander, yield Thy crazed title to my certain right† (Demetrius, 1.1.93-94). Demetrius believes that since he has Egeus' approval, that Hermia should relinquish to him and states that Lysander is going against his privilege.   Demetrius takes advantage of his stature by claiming Hermia as a r... ...nsformation are all experienced by Demetrius to a great extent, especially with his lovers and enemies. His vile, yet sensitive personality really kept the reader examining what he could change into next, which seems as if they were more than just a single character. Demetrius, as a character, is essential to the play, for a backbone and plot. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When quoting, you need to use quotation marks around the quotes unless you are separating the quote from you text by indenting each line.   Also, the final punctuation should come not inside the quotation marks but after the parentheses.   If you are using other sources it is very important that you put in parentheses the name of the author and the page number on which the quote can be found.   Also, if you are using other sources you should really, truly use a works cited so that others can find that same source.   

The Oregon Trails :: Education, Culture

Race, gender, sex, death; these are some topics that are frequent occurrences in literature, history, and present day life. Regardless of the frequency of these subjects instructors are often hesitant to embark upon discussing them during instruction. Despite apprehensions to discuss these controversial topics they shape events and society, and should be incorporated in a student’s education. In fact by not examining these topics students are being done a grave disservice. Exploring these troublesome topics and even questioning why they may not be spoken about or how they influence society cause students to gain vital knowledge and become less ignorant. The Oregon Trails may be considered by some to be a tool to aide students in becoming more knowledgeable on diverse topics. It has been called a â€Å"multiethnic† interactive computer game that allows students to travel along the trail and gain insight on the life of a person traveling to the Oregon Territory (Bigelow, 2009, p. 317). This game has been put on a pedestal by critics and has been awarded five stars by the Pride’s Guide to Educational Software for being â€Å"a wholesome, absorbing historical simulation† (Bigelow, 2009, p. 317). The outstanding critiques of this software creates an appealing route for many teachers to take in order to incorporate an engaging activity that abides by state and school curriculum standards. However what the critics do not inform teachers is this educational game is in reality spoon feeding students a dishonest account of history. The game takes on the white males view and neglects to account for gender and cultural bias es that occur during this time period (Bigelow, 2009, p.319). By not pointing out the societal issues that occurred during this time period, students are really being done a disservice. There is no reason why instructors have to keep the fact that racism against minority groups and gender groups occurred, and still do. As Bigelow (2009) stated, â€Å"Just as we would not invite a stranger into our classrooms and then leave the room, teachers need to become aware of the political perspectives of CD-ROMs and need to equip students to â€Å"read† them critically†(p. 318). Instructors should point out the data deceptions within The Oregon Trails to aide students in gaining a stronger sociological eye to examine historical accounts and society as a whole. Teachers should have students approach the game and question why social groups are missing from the game, why they are perceived the way they, are and how these social groups may influence society or change the game. The Oregon Trails :: Education, Culture Race, gender, sex, death; these are some topics that are frequent occurrences in literature, history, and present day life. Regardless of the frequency of these subjects instructors are often hesitant to embark upon discussing them during instruction. Despite apprehensions to discuss these controversial topics they shape events and society, and should be incorporated in a student’s education. In fact by not examining these topics students are being done a grave disservice. Exploring these troublesome topics and even questioning why they may not be spoken about or how they influence society cause students to gain vital knowledge and become less ignorant. The Oregon Trails may be considered by some to be a tool to aide students in becoming more knowledgeable on diverse topics. It has been called a â€Å"multiethnic† interactive computer game that allows students to travel along the trail and gain insight on the life of a person traveling to the Oregon Territory (Bigelow, 2009, p. 317). This game has been put on a pedestal by critics and has been awarded five stars by the Pride’s Guide to Educational Software for being â€Å"a wholesome, absorbing historical simulation† (Bigelow, 2009, p. 317). The outstanding critiques of this software creates an appealing route for many teachers to take in order to incorporate an engaging activity that abides by state and school curriculum standards. However what the critics do not inform teachers is this educational game is in reality spoon feeding students a dishonest account of history. The game takes on the white males view and neglects to account for gender and cultural bias es that occur during this time period (Bigelow, 2009, p.319). By not pointing out the societal issues that occurred during this time period, students are really being done a disservice. There is no reason why instructors have to keep the fact that racism against minority groups and gender groups occurred, and still do. As Bigelow (2009) stated, â€Å"Just as we would not invite a stranger into our classrooms and then leave the room, teachers need to become aware of the political perspectives of CD-ROMs and need to equip students to â€Å"read† them critically†(p. 318). Instructors should point out the data deceptions within The Oregon Trails to aide students in gaining a stronger sociological eye to examine historical accounts and society as a whole. Teachers should have students approach the game and question why social groups are missing from the game, why they are perceived the way they, are and how these social groups may influence society or change the game.

The Higher Education Commission Hec Pakistan Education Essay

The higher instruction committee HEC Pakistan is officially the university grant committee and this grant committee manage all the issues sing the instruction in Pakistan under the act of university grant committee 1974 antecedently the universities are recognized by this establishment and all the regulations and ordinances which are followed by the universities are given by UGC. The UCG act 1974 was repealed and the new regulation is came into topographic point with the name of higher instruction committee regulation 2002 and after that this establishment is responsible for the higher instruction policy in Pakistan, quality of instruction ( choice control ) , the chief intent of presenting this establishment is to elate the instruction sector and the inspiration is given to the universities so that they can better the system. Another chief undertaking was the development of the instruction policy, and to convey the quality in learning methodological analysis through the workshops, seminar etc. Research and development is of import for any establishment that ‘s why the limelight is on R and D sector because it is perchance the key for the growing of any organisation and this is the start point of the organisation and if the jobs are identified so it is easy for the capable affair exports to execute subsequently on. For improvement and development in Pakistan the Higher Education Commission gives 1000s of MS scholarships and besides the doctorial scholarships every bit good each and every twelvemonth. The planning and development by the HEC is of import because this will calculate the challenges of future and schemes to get by with these challenges is needed in order to run into the international criterions of the universities, so the enterprise taken by the establishment like HEC to give scholarships is right determination by authorities. Another chief intent of this establishment is that to give strength to the substructure of the higher instruction in Pakistan. In this procedure the research is of import which can supply better consequences and the work of HEC with other ministries in developing such a undertakings which help the instruction sector subsequently on. The linkage of local and foreign universities guarantee that the apparatus of these universities is learned and the alterations were done in our system that is a major alteration in the procedure and that is helpful for the higher instruction. Another enterprise of the debut of university-industry relationship give more practicality, larning to the pupils and they can larn more from the industry tours that is another good measure taken in respect of development.Impact of Indigenous scholarships on the growing and publicity of the higher instruction:Autochthonal scholarships are given by the higher instruction committee of Pakistan in the supervising of authorities of Pakistan so that these scholarships encourage and actuate the pupils to take part and larn more during higher instruction. There are a certain policies and processs or we say regulations and ordinances are designed by the authorities of Pakistan in coaction with HEC to ease the pupils who are more delegated towards larning and have first-class academic record to follow the educational highs at higher degree. They are besides have an oculus on the pupils who are concerned with surveies but they do non hold adequate money to take part and analyze at higher degree so authorities besides provide need based scholarships to the pupils holding weak backgrounds.Autochthonal Scholarships of MS/PHD:The basic construct of giving these scholarships is to beef up the modules of universities locally and to better the quality of instruction and deputation and more attending towards the research and development R and D sector is improved by the initiation of the intelligent pupils. And if these extremely qualified forces perform their responsibilities in best manner in future the industrial sector will besides better. The late announced strategy of 5000 autochthonal scholarships of MS taking to PHD will better the research civilization in universities of Pakistan and the universities will better and may follow the international criterions so that the pupils may acquire the international criterion instruction locally and it is the milepost if done consequently. This undertaking is focused on diversified subjects including the scientific discipline and engineering, societal scientific disciplines and humanistic disciplines and life scientific disciplines. More over HEC funded some universities to develop the research labs and it will promote the research workers to take part often. So the thing is that the establishment like HEC would hold to set topographic point visible radiation on the new subjects and promote pupils to larn new topics by supplying benefit like autochthonal scholarships because that would actuate the pupils and the debut of new subjects in Pakistan is more encouraging because the people are merely familiar with few subject. These autochthonal scholarships will assist in the socio-economic development of Pakistan because the local research workers will foreground the local jobs and would work on them consequently because the local research workers are more familiar with the cultural norms of Pakistan behaviours of local people. In this strategy HEC besides provide the financess to upgrade the bing research labs and equipments that are used in research labs. The autochthonal scholarships are encouraged because this will better the criterions of life at single degree, and more significantly the economic system is affected in positive manner. Another good factor is that the local research workers will cognize at that place state tendencies in footings of civilization, society, norms and values, attitude and behaviour, manners and imposts etc so with maintaining these things in head one easy cognize that the local research workers can execute good in there state because of familiar factors and tendencies. HEC and the authorities of Pakistan were making an anchor function in bettering the educational criterions. HEC provide 5000 at PHD level autochthonal scholarships to heighten the degree of intellectuals in Pakistan and increased determination doing ability in different flied of surveies and to better the concerns in establishments public and private etc. The 300 bookmans late awarded PHD grades were making research to better the socio-economic conditions of Pakistan and there research is valuable because of there part to the development. These PHD ‘s belong to different Fieldss like concern direction, agribusiness, technology and HEC is besides presenting the new subjects at the degree of PHD ‘s like entire quality direction. There publications are of import for analysing the issues at different degree because this is necessary to make full the spread foremost in order to pick up the growing rate. This all will assist to better the state of affairss in future and it besides help to better the substructure. In order to give these scholarship HEC develop a certain standards and it includes: No D class in old grade. The individual who already analyzing under any scholarship plan of Pakistan can non acquire the scholarship for MS. Campaigners must hold 16 old ages of instruction who are using for the MS scholarships. Maximum age 40 for PHD scholarships. GAT trial is necessary for both PhD ‘s and campaigners using for MS. The campaigner can non alter the class of survey once he submits an application etc.Aim of supplying the autochthonal scholarships:The aim of supplying these scholarships is to develop the pupils for the future benefit of the universities because merely the well-trained and qualified forces facilitate the pupils and the acquisition of the pupils addition and better. That ‘s why the qualified module is recognized as the key of success in larning establishments and another thing is that they change certain things which help to larn more. Another thing is that by puting in Human capital is of import for any state because they change the scenario and work for betterment and development, the chief subject of puting in forces is to acquire the economic stableness in footings of growing and these type of investing promote the people from any race, cultural group to became the quality worker of any organisation, module member of university and serve the state and take part for economic growing. These autochthonal scholarships encourage the gifted young person to increase and acquire makings in proficient and non-technical Fieldss and take part in state edifice procedure later-on with there professional and proficient cognition. And supplying these scholarships peculiarly to the pupils of MS/PHD will heighten the research civilization and environment that is friendly for the research conductivity when of all time needed with flexibleness and which will turn to the issues of full sectors of Pakistan. This will besides increase the strength of the industries of Pakistan and new thought creative activities, and ability to get down the new venture is increased because of better cognition and professional accomplishments and for new thoughts planning, development and so execution, the entrepreneurial head is besides required for that. The figure of PHD ‘s in Pakistan increasing due to the better and improved policies and process of higher instruction and admirable work by HEC. And now the Pakistani universities can bring forth more PhD ‘s in future than old 10 old ages. One research shows the consequences that at present figure of PhD ‘s range 8142. Harmonizing to the statistics which are available, the figure of PHD ‘s were increased from 347 in 1947 to 676 in 2002 in agricultural scientific disciplines, and in biological scientific disciplines the figures increased from 586 to 1096 and from 14 to 123 in the field of concern and direction scientific disciplines, in technology and engineering from 21 to 262, and in physical scientific disciplines it increased from 709 to 1071 and in the field of societal scientific disciplines it increased from 887 to 1080 in last 10 old ages. In the last decennary the ratio of instruction peculiarly in higher instruction is increased as mentioned in the figures above, so we have to acknowledge that the establishment like HEC of Pakistan is making really good for the improvement of the instruction and since the creative activity from 2002 this establishment making great occupation and peculiarly in the field of concern and direction scientific disciplines, technology and engineering, agribusiness scientific discipline and the subject of societal scientific discipline every bit good. HEC introduce assorted autochthonal scholarships to beef up the human resource of Pakistan and to make a critical mass of extremely qualified human resource in different field of surveies in Pakistan so these research workers will work on the issues of import for Pakistan, one of the bookman says that these PhD ‘s are existent plus of Pakistan and they will assist state to develop economically. It is to be mentioned that since 1947, a sum of 3,281 PhDs were awarded. However, and from the clip when the constitution of the HEC in 2002, over 4,850 Ph.d.s have been awarded. Higher Education committee is besides looking to present 10000 autochthonal scholarships to the pupils as the demand based scholarships to the meriting pupils from the different parts of Pakistan in 2012-2013. These scholarships are merely given to the pupils who are really gifted and have good academic background in footings of there Markss and per centum and holding fiscal crisis or restraints. So more over these pupils are enrolled in the populace sector universities for higher instruction to guarantee the equality standard. Under this new strategy, the more importance is given to the pupils belonging to Balochistan, FATA, interior Sindh and southern Punjab to back up higher instruction of maximal figure of academically eligible destitute pupils from the really hapless portion of the state.Autochthonal scholarship intent:Autochthonal scholarships are the lifeblood of all scholarships. The chief aim of the Indigenous Scholarship Scheme is to make a extremely qualified module to our local universities in all Fieldss. These research workers will better the rank and potency of all public and private universities in Pakistan. The scholarships are aimed at making a pool of specialised scientists and extremely skilled professionals trained at MS taking to PhD degree in countries which are critical to economic growing. The Fieldss of survey covered under these plans include Science and Technology, Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities and other selected sections of public universities of the state. The primary aim of these plans is to increase autochthonal capacities in assorted Fieldss of scientific discipline and technology.A Regular employees of public sector universities, colleges and R & A ; D organisations holding two old ages of relevant work experience are eligible for this plan. The bookmans conduct research in assorted Fieldss of scientific discipline and engineering and are supervised in their research by HEC approved professors The specific aim of the Indigenous Scholarship Scheme is to bring forth acute signifier of extremely qualified human resources in all Fieldss of surveies trained at the advanced degree in local universities. These locally qualified faculty members and research workers will increase the R & A ; D potency of public every bit good as private universities and it will besides back up the local industrial sector.A .A The impact of a scholarship has an consequence felt far beyond the pupil helped. The pupil ‘s success, thanks to the scholarship, may animate younger siblings or the pupil ‘s ain kids to prosecute higher instruction after high school. The pupil will be able to do more money with a college instruction and be a better supplier for his or her household. In add-on, that pupil will touch 1000s of lives through his or her calling whether it is in wellness, instruction, concern, research or some other field. When you provide a scholarship for a pupil, you do more than assist them financially – you impart a lesson of generousness and concern for others that they incorporate into their ain lives. Our files are filled with letters from pupils depicting the impact that their scholarships made on their lives, and their hopes that one twenty-four hours, they will be able to supply scholarships for future pupils merely as their givers did for them. The intent of the hold is to ease campaigners from distant countries of the state. The scholarship will be given for the academic twelvemonth 2012-13 in all countries of surveies and subjects on the quota footing in conformity with federal authorities quota policy permitted by the authorities of Pakistan.A To hike the research installations in these Fieldss the Higher Education Commission has supported many Departments/Universities to set up research labs. This has taken fabulous alteration in research civilization of the Pakistani Universities. HEC has preserved great emphasis on autochthonal scholarship strategies because locally trained research workers work on local jobs of great national deduction. Their research, hence, is expected to hold direct significance to the growing and socio-economic development of Pakistan. In add-on, this strategy besides offers financess to the Universities for progressing their research installations peculiarly little research lab equipment, chemicals, IT equipment etc. which non merely aids research of the HEC bookman but besides serves as an strength for the section to get down up to day of the month research research labs. The need-based scholarships are focused on supplying chances for entree to higher instruction particularly to under privileged pupils belonging to remote and far flung countries of the state who despite possessing academic virtue, are unable to finance their instruction. Under this new plan, particular accent is given to the pupils belonging to Baluchistan, FATA, interior Sindh and Southern Punjab to back up higher instruction of maximal figure of academically qualified destitute pupils from the really hapless sections of the state. These scholarships would be awarded through Financial Aid Offices at the universities in a transparent and chiseled mechanism. He besides informed that HEC autochthonal and foreign scholarships are being awarded as per federal authorities quota policy. He urged the participants of the workshop to circulate this information and steer the prospective campaigners from Sindh state in this respect. He besides emphasized them to avail the benefit of assorted HEC enterprises. Talking on the juncture, Prof. Dr. Parveen Shah extended thanks to HEC and NTS for choosing Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur for forming such a utile academic activity. In its enterprise to develop a category of Highly Qualified and professional Faculty in Pakistan, HEC has launched a series of scholarship plans. Through this series, HEC aims to supply the much needed drift to the academe by offering autochthonal every bit good as foreign PhD grades to both module members and pupils. It is good aware of the demand for custom-making the bing scholar ship plans along with supplying new chances for the chase of higher instruction at place and abroad. With an aim of reenforcing universally accepted rule of excellence in academe, HEC has designed the bookman ship series. Scholar ships are offered non merely in reputable subjects but besides in the less recognized but important emerging fields.A Several scholarship strategies consisting of autochthonal every bit good as foreign scholarship/fellowships are presently being offered under the plan. PhD bookmans in all subjects of strategic national significance are continuing to assorted reputable foreign universities/institutions/ research centres by availing these strategies. Autochthonal bookmans now need to travel beyond this collaborative procedure to those difficult issues in research methodological analysiss. The authorities of Pakistan has demonstrated a heightened sense of committedness to bettering the effectivity of instruction through its programmed of Education Sector Reforms that includes higher instruction, and this is farther evidenced by the constitution of the undertaking force. While cosmopolitan literacy and primary instruction have been in the head of development precedences in the yesteryear, the pressing demand to profit from the new cognition based economic system has placed an unprecedented premium on higher instruction. Pakistan ‘s higher instruction system, embracing all degree above class 12, is supplying unable to supply the accomplishments necessary, in the measures necessary, to accomplish the double aims of state edifice and planetary fight. Universities are the pillars of the higher instruction system. They must hold autonomy from all immaterial influences in order to regulate and pull off their academic, administrative, fiscal maps. In peculiar, universities must hold liberty to develop their academic programmes, recruit, and select, train and educate their pupils. Education is a continuum procedure primary, secondary, higher secondary and third degrees. Its generic intents are non discipline specifies. The support and answerability for educational maps, whether in the spheres of cognition refering natural, biological, numerical and societal scientific disciplines, and humanistic disciplines, are the duties of the ministry of instruction. HEC had paid particular attending towards the publicity of higher instruction in the state. The chief enterprises includes particular scholarship strategy for the young person, execution of the federal authorities ‘s quota policy to present local and foreign scholarships. The figure of the universities had been increased from two to seven including the constitution of the first adult females universities. It has launched the particular undertakings for the development of the basic substructure in higher instruction establishments in the states. The scholarship provides fiscal support to enable mature-age autochthonal pupils to finish nationally recognized third makings and attain accomplishments and cognition that will heighten their community ‘s future economic systems and fiscal development. Scholarship are intended for autochthonal who Face fiscal barriers that might otherwise curtail their option for deriving a third making. The fund acknowledge that mature-age pupil frequently required to do great personal and fiscal forfeits in order to finish making that will assist progress their personal and calling ends. The scholarship provides recipient s with fiscal aid to alleviate the fiscal load of survey, which may includes class fees, telecommunication cost, adjustment, conveyance and text edition. Students must hold the support of their household and/or community. This will necessitate emotional support and some part to fiscal support. The degree of fiscal part is reviewed on an single and extremely confidential footing, with the outlook that families/communities will lend harmonizing to their capacity. The Scholarship does non cover the proviso of uniform, pocket money or other voluntary School activities. Families are expected to take part in School programs/information Sessionss, etc, every bit much as distance and travel licenses and be supportive of their girl ‘s instruction.Development of instruction sector of Pakistan in old old ages:Education is of import factor in development of an economic system of any state, historically Pakistan is a hapless state and poorness creates the alarming state of affairss, so the policies and more significantly processs are needed to get by that state of affairs, because the factors like unemployment, low per capita income, less GDP and less choice instruction of the people is concerned factor and demands to be paid attending. On of the economic study have the statistics which include the figures and these are the public sectors passing on the instruction in Pakistan are: Public sector directing as % GDP is 2.1 and the literacy rate is 57 % . This information includes the age from 10 and supra, males 69 % and females 45 % . ( economic study of Pakistan 2009-2010 ) . Pakistan is besides depending on the assistance from the international beginnings. The higher instruction committee is besides running a undertaking which includes USAID. If we talk about the development of instruction sector the establishment like HEC is making a important occupation in developing the human resource or human capital. In this respect the autochthonal scholarships are unfastened to every 1 who is working in the private sector and authorities sector and besides the Pakistani pupils. HEC has award 1426 undergraduate scholarships and 6635 station alumnus scholarships, from which 3765 MS scholarships and this autochthonal scholarships plan besides produced more than 300 PHD ‘s in Pakistan. ( Economic study of Pakistan 2009-2010 ) . These human resources which are developed and produced by HEC are actively take parting in the research and development of Pakistan and they are executing at that place responsibilities significantly in different section and besides in the public and private universities. These bookmans besides pull offing to better the local university criterions and substructure overall. In this respect HEC has given the station doctorial scholarships to the 503 university instructors which help the university and the new pupils subsequently on. HEC besides trained the 11021 module members and decision makers of different universities during short and long term classs. But if we talk about the development of the establishments there is a roar or increase in the grade presenting establishments DAI and new universities. The PHD ‘s are increased to 624 in 2009, the support to higher instruction reached up to 44000 1000000s. HEC is besides making be aftering and development in order to increase the instruction in Pakistan for that HEC have a program for the old ages 2010-2015 and onwards. This includes the station doctorial, doctorial, and MS taking to PHD these types of autochthonal scholarships are promoting and can assist the economic system. Fundss for publicity of research civilization are increased in the recent old ages up to 800 million in 2010-2011. ( Economic study of Pakistan 2011-2012 ) .Foreign aid for instruction sector:In 2008 and onwards the foreign aid is increased for the development of Pakistan and pupils who are motivated for higher surveies, this includes: USAID funded $ 2.14 million, undertaking name beef uping learning instruction in Pakistan ( STEP ) . Funded by DFID ?3.15 million, undertaking name gender in instruction policy support undertaking ( GEPSP ) These financess are actively donated by the UNICEF, usaid and besides different private organisations are besides working actively to develop the instructors in this respects organisations like ed-links are funded by USAID and they are working to better the instruction criterions and methodological analysis at primary and higher degree. This bing $ 90million. The organisations like ITA, IRM UK-AID undertaking are besides working to better the educational criterions and they are conducted a batch of studies in recent yesteryear which aid to place different issues in the parts of Pakistan.How the higher instruction system is improved in Pakistan and the recommended suggestions:The aim of better higher instruction system is merely achieved if the overall system is organized or planned like the international criterions demands and to accomplish that peculiar end there is a demand to work hard, that ‘s why the establishment like HEC is appreciated by the international forces who want the advancement of instruction in any state. But the thing is that there are some forces that show opposition so that is the undertaking for the policy shapers to get by the overall state of affairs and do that type of policy and process which can convey the alteration in the system and the ultimate aim is achieved of betterment for higher instruction. The universities are the chief pillars of the higher instruction system, they must hold the liberty from the external influences in order to regulate and pull off at that place administrative, academic and fiscal maps. They must hold that pulp important power to develop there module or foremost ( recruit ) hire the possible module members who can present in the hereafter and council the pupils in a proper manner that can be acceptable and harmonizing to the international criterions and demand and which can besides extinguish the demand to analyze at abroad. The present system is weak because it is hesitating to depute the powers and occupation enrichment processes which can actuate the module members in order to present in a right manner. In this procedure each university must hold the regulating board which can do independent determinations for betterment. And if this type of regulating wide perform there duties the overall public presentation o the establishment is improved. Previo usly the establishment named UGC is non up to the grade because of hapless disposal systems and less and besides tardily support to the universities, the system requires the establishment which is ready to present and it is HEC and which is proved subsequently on by the quality public presentation of the HEC and its planning, development and direction in footings of the public presentation from 2002-2008 is phenomenal. If the support from the international forces, authorities of Pakistan and HEC is given to the universities or DAI so there is a less load on the pupils to pay the immense sum of fees and they can larn more easy with out any force per unit area and besides the support is utilized by giving pupils quality module so they can larn more and may present later on and stand for the well known organisations and besides serve public sector in better manner and if the provincial authoritiess besides back up this type of support so there is a encouragement in the betterment in the quality. The thing is that a batch of intellectuals ( bookmans ) were left Pakistan because of less salary and hapless economic status in the state so Pakistani authorities and public sector universities need more support in order to retain that type of quality faulty members. The substructure is provided by the HEC by giving more autochthonal scholarships to the pupils and actuate them to analyze in MS taking to PHD, and peculiarly the PHD scholarships and besides they encourage the research civilization in the universities, and besides provide the labs for proficient surveies and entree to digital library is phenomenal for the pupils to larn the international books and articles and diaries from the Harvard concern reappraisal and Jstore etc. The first thing which can be done in order to convey revolution in the educational sector, the authorities primary, center, secondary and higher secondary instruction demands to be deliver more and some quality instruction which is missing and the pupils when they come for the higher surveies they suffer because of less cognition, so in this regard authorities must hold to set more accent on the early instruction in other words the betterment must get down from the grass root degree. The function of higher instruction is of import for the underdeveloped state like Pakistan to last in the planetary environment which is competitory and you can merely last if the higher instruction is given in a proper manner, because it is a concatenation procedure one action is linked with another and if one thing is missing or non done in a manner it required so it can be subsequently on. By ranking the universities in footings of quality instruction establishments, it can actuate the pupils, module members and the internal policy shapers to work hard for the betterment, and it is good to present the classs to the establishments harmonizing to there public presentation. This policy promote the high acting universities and they can present more often because they want to retain there place and that is non less than challenge. By supervising the private establishments as well is besides take parting in the betterment.The economic importance of higher instruction:Yes it is right that higher instruction is of import for the economic growing of any state but it is besides right that economic growing is more of import for the development states and it is the fact that higher instruction can non merely lend to the economic development of the state, it besides contribute in state edifice procedure, giving more strength to the society, civilization in footings of more civilise d civilization and the people became more witting about the things and they may besides hold awareness more about upgrading at that place populating criterions etc. In this respect the World Bank and UNESCO provided the undertaking force for developing states including Pakistan to look into analyze and set accent on the higher instruction system and life criterions of the people and to work for the substructure of state. They besides emphasis on the development of enlightened leaders, enlargement of picks and this type of development besides enhances the societal mobility and it may be helpful for the gifted people to come up and turn out at that place possible in the countries of there picks. The ultimate subject of supplying the autochthonal scholarships to the pupils creates the capableness to turn to the appropriate solutions to the local jobs in the state. In this context the publicity of higher instruction is more of import in order to acquire better hereafter of the state, because this is the epoch of competition and those who want to vie must hold that type of arms to last in the race of competition. The publicity is necessary because now the employees, intellectuals and proficient people are seen as merchandise by the organisations and campaigners who want to acquire the occupation they have to market themselves. But the thing is that the persons are merely putted in the competition if they have the cognition, accomplishments and abilities, this procedure of KSA is merely fulfilled if the pupils are gone through the procedure of the acquisition and more significantly if they get the higher instruction, this procedure of autochthonal is promoting for the pupils who perform out of the tegument and those who are below the line of poorness and does n't afford the burden/expenses of higher instruction and this automatically actuate the pupil s to execute and larn more. But this all is interlinked with the quality higher instruction and establishments ( universities ) . The development states need to put in good quality schooling ( from grass path degree to higher surveies ) that prepares alumnuss, MBA ‘s, MS taking to PHD, and PHD ‘s for effectivity and quality in there work when they go to any field or any organisation, in this context the course of study or classs are must be like that they cover the broader acquisition or in other words the class sphere must be larger instead than restrictions in the cognition. In order to acquire existent growing the establishments ( universities ) or DAI must set accent on practicality and application of the cognition instead than bookish cognition, in this respect the higher instruction committee ( HEC ) interlinked the universities and the organisations and they put the accent on the industrial Tours of the pupils this will give pupils more larning about how the organisations perform there work practically. Most of the developed states after universe war II disbursement on the higher instruction because of there acknowledgment that it is of import for state ‘s economic growing and developing states besides now passing on the higher instruction but if we talk about or in Pakistani context the fresh alumnuss, MBA ‘s are looking for occupation, and the current occupation market is non so good for new campaigners who want to use, and that ‘s why most of the quality plus in footings of human capital is switching to the other states for there better calling and hereafter. So this is the dismaying state of affairs for the Pakistan because it affects the growing and impact is bad subsequently on, so the authorities of Pakistan must demo the concern in order to undertake the state of affairs because it triggers severely if non handled decently, and Pakistani authorities must supply the substructure for better higher instruction which has international criterions incorporated, so the actions need to be taken non merely in educational sector but besides in every sector, these betterments eliminate the letdown of people of Pakistan who for good leave the state and they may take part in the state edifice procedure or in other words development of economic system. Particularly in the instruction sector the accent must be put on the grass path degree because it is the initial phase and it is the concatenation procedure because the basic instruction further contributes to the higher instruction. In Pakistan this instruction system is breakdown into five phases and it includes: Primary degree ( from class I to rate V ) , Middle degree ( from grade VI to VIII ) , Secondary degree ( SSC ) , Higher secondary degree ( HSSC ) and the higher instruction including under alumnus, station alumnus instruction etc. Another enterprise which is taken in some distant countries of Pakistan to develop a sub-campuses of the universities to give the quality instruction to the Pakistani pupils in these distant countries which is missing antecedently, it is better enterprise in the procedure to heighten the figure of pupils at higher degree because this counts subsequently on in many ways.Scholarships 2012-2013:The human resource development HRD has acquire significance importance and this have double aim in footings of heightening institutional capacity and the local research activities. In this respect late autochthonal scholarships has been given to the university module in order to acquire more instruction from the local universities and besides the foreign scholarships provided to these university module members for the betterment in the instruction sector, because when these module members subsequently on when teach the pupils at under-graduate degree and MBA ‘s they will decidedly supply mo re cognition and learning stuffs etc which will further assist them in organisations. These autochthonal and foreign scholarships are provided on merit footing to the bing university module members and the persons from the private sector every bit good. About 44 % of the scholarships are provided to the scientists of R and D organisations and university instructors and these are managed by the HEC, approximately 900 to 1000 bookmans are returned after finishing their surveies and about 3000 bookmans are analyzing abroad. The professional development is given to the different instructor of the universities in order to execute more quality work on the occupation when learning peculiar topics. Development of ELTR ( English linguistic communication learning reform ) is another enterprise to advance better apprehension of the cognition etc. 4700 bookmans are analyzing under the autochthonal scholarship plan of HEC, and 1959 bookmans are analyzing under the undertaking initiated for the FATA/BALOCHISTAN pupils and at both alumnus and under alumnus degree. ( Annual program for higher instruction 2012-2013 ) . Fiscal assistance is given to the pupils who are non able to lodge their full fee or in other wards non holding excessively much money to analyze ; these pupils are analyzing in public and private establishments ( universities ) . 2919 bookmans have been passed so far, and 526 bookmans are still acquiring instruction in different local establishments under demand based scholarships plan. HEC has besides developed NVCN ( national picture conferencing web ) in 2006 e-academia in 79 universities and looking to widen the national picture conferencing web in more universities it is really helpful when it comes to larning, many pupils, module members were facilitated by this enterprise and this will assist in overall betterment of the universities, more over these type of enterprises were needed in order to alter the current state of affairs and conveying promotion in higher instruction sector.Quality indexs of higher instruction in Pakistan:The higher instruction plays a leading function in the instruction sector because at this degree pupils are concerned with quality acquisition and more focussed about professional studies/career surveies. In this survey it is found that some of the private universities are missing in giving quality instruction or in other words the module members are non hold that type of quality to learn at the higher degree or the facet of preparatio n is missing and another issue is that the virtue system in giving admittances to the pupils is besides on the downside, some of the populace sector universities missing even the installations of the multi-media and libraries and research labs are non up to the grade or of criterions and some of the universities are missing the installation of inns for the pupils. And another of import recommendation made under this survey is to present academic audit system managed by HEC and giving international criterion preparation to the instructors for promotions and the admittances must be given on merit footing for quality confidence. Higher instruction plays a critical function in the development of society. â€Å" Universities, for centuries, had a important function in educating the possible professionals, business communities, political leaders, spiritual and societal bookmans, who serve the society, to enrich its values and develop its resources † ( Mustard, 1998 ) . These things are besides recommended in Pakistan for development. Pakistan is even behind Bangladesh in instruction sector, after more than 60 old ages of independency Pakistan has merely passing 2.7 per centum of GNP on the instruction which is less than recommended by UNESCO they recommended 4 per centum, this 4 per centum is recommended by UNESCO for all underdeveloped states. It is recognize that for province, higher instruction became the demanding plus. The job with developing states including Pakistan is that they give less priority/emphasis to the higher instruction ; the knowledge-based economic system is merely developed if the higher instruction system is good equipt and trained professionals are available in every field to take part in economic growing.Quality instruction:Quality of instruction is of import factor to accent because people of state like Pakistan are in demand of this but for farther promotion some actions required: The quality of instruction is merely recognized in peculiar state if it fulfills the standards under which the local spreads are filled in off that shifts the paradigm on overall footing. So the societal, academic, national excellence is gained or achieved, that ‘s why the research civilization is promoted in developed and developing states because the research workers ( PHD ‘s ) participate in the jobs work outing procedure and urge different solutions for improvement. Quality indexs can be divided into three categories: educational inputs, educational end products, and educational procedures. Inputs include fiscal processs, physical steps, and manpower steps connected with the resources that are given for pupils at each educational degree. Fiscal steps are normally summarized by educational outgos per pupil. Physical steps include the age, status, and deepness of such installations as schoolrooms, research labs, and libraries and the conditions and usage of international stuffs and tools or equipments. Manpower or human resource steps include the figure of forces of different types, frequently expressed as ratios in relation to pupil Numberss at each degree. They besides include background information about these human resources such as educational makings ( cognition ) , experience, and possibly knowledge competences and attitudes. ( Murnane, 1987 ) . Educational end product refers to the quality of pupils and that depends upon the cognition of the pupils gained during their surveies and how they are executing and how much they have the ability to execute in the organisation or any other field while educational procedure refers to the quality of course of study development to concluding appraisal of the pupils including the pupils admittance and it besides include the learning procedure and active engagement from the pupils side and every bit good as instructors ability to supply quality cognition which would be applicable when they go for occupation etc. The five different attacks in mensurating the quality of higher instruction: In term of the exceeding ( higher criterions ) In footings of consistence ( zero defects and acquiring it right the first clip ) As fittingness for intent ( run intoing stated intents ) As value for money. As transformative ( transmutation of the participant ) . ( Harvey and green 1993 ) Another thing is that quality confidence and quality appraisal is in a heartfelt way needed because must of the establishment universe broad acquiring the enfranchisements from ISO and it includes ISO 9000,4001 etc but every bit for as Pakistan is concern merely the fabrication sector gets that type of enfranchisement but I think other sectors must besides recommended to get these enfranchisements for betterment. Global confederation for multinational instruction ( GATE ) proposed the undermentioned rules for the quality higher instruction: Their must be desired Goal and aims for promotion. Standards for betterment and quality direction. Legal affairs are managed in a proper manner. Student registration and admittance including virtue. Human resources are now treated as human capital. Physical and fiscal resources. Teaching and acquisition is of import for development. Evaluation is of import for happening spreads and jobs in order for farther promotion. Particularly in higher instruction quality is a multi dimensional construct because it covers the university including the academic life and the substructure, the acquisition procedure, pupils engagement, and indorsement and publicity of gifted people in footings of giving admittance on merit footing and besides autochthonal scholarships can make better consequences in future and state edifice procedure and increases the per centum of instruction which is presently 2.7 % and as recommended by UNESCO 4 % . So in this respect for quality confidence, the figure if factors such as internationalisation, selling, creative activity, competition this all heighten the quality of higher instruction. Quality of module and staff members must be increased, development of instructions, organisational development, instructors developing plan, increase the quality of course of study, quality direction on overall footing and presence of good administration participate in the encouragement of state life criterions and economic system etc. so the corporate attempt is needed in order to execute direction rules ; forming, planning, commanding, taking, staffing and monitoring and rating are besides of import facets in this context.Issues of quality higher instruction in Pakistan:In one peculiar research it is recommended that the rating standard is needed for the designation of the jobs, merely the quality is enhanced if the benchmark is designed and implemented in a manner that local establishments are evaluated in conformity with these benchmarks. So in this respect diverseness needs to be increased and the component of synergism creates the more power in the establishments when universit ies work with industries in order to give practical cognition to the pupils and besides the connexion and networking of international universities with local one time heighten the acquisition and capacity edifice procedure. Different issues of the quality of higher instruction in Pakistan as recognized by Iqbal ( 2004 ) are: Ineffective administration and direction construction and pattern. Inefficient usage of available resources. Inadequate support which leads to hapless research labs and libraries etc. Poor enlisting patterns and unequal development of module and staff. Inadequate support for research. Politicization of module, staff and pupils. Pakistan ‘s authorities must develop the autochthonal scholarship plan at higher degree which is better than the current one which is managed by HEC under the limited financess of authorities and the new one may move like the common wealth scholarships plan and give the scholarships to the destitute pupils, on merit footing, and this plan may besides assist the pupils or fresh alumnuss in acquiring the occupations, HEC is making good occupation for betterment but due the limited financess quality consequences are non achieved. So the thing is that most of the developing states like Pakistan confronting the job of less quality, because of lacking of the fiscal restraints ( FUNDS ) and besides most of people holding better cognition want higher salary bundles and to retain them in the populace sector universities is hard undertaking. To back up gifted persons by supplying chances to analyze in quality establishments locally under the autochthonal scholarships to advance autochthonal civilization, norms and values the focal point on research is encouraged by the local establishments or DAI and besides that is encouraged by the international forums. In Pakistan HEC takes that enterprise for improvement in a context they provide the scholarships to the bing module members of different universities locally and after developing these instructors will function the universities in a more effectual manner. This later on have a stronger impact on local communities and society will be served in better manner. This alteration in environment consequence the current state of affairs or typical state of affairs which has been injected from so many old ages. So for bettering the state of affairs in a more proper manner the interviews, suggestions and recommendations from the alumnas were of import because this will assist in make fulling the spreads or undertaking jobs. For the development of higher instruction and at lower degree ( primary instruction ) the World Bank recognized that the support is a necessary demand of these states in order to progress, better and develop there socio-economic conditions. And for all this the international givers like UNICEF, UNESCO, UK-aid and US- assistance are besides working in developing states. In past old ages the World Bank set up the undertaking forces to analyse the function of universities in developing states and that will assist to manage the overall state of affairs in proper manner. So the demand is to encompass the higher instruction in developing states because this will lend subsequently on.The function of autochthonal scholarships in advancing development:With this growing of higher instruction as a tool for socio-economic development, and that the instruction system should be taken as an integrated whole instead than as subdivisions viing for resources. Primary school instructors, module member of higher instruction, themselves, skilled workers ( Doctors ) , applied scientists, policymakers, scientists, and enterprisers, are about wholly generated by Higher Education system and, as such, their ability to convey out their work at the higher degree is dependent on quality preparation and research at the degree of higher instruction, that ‘s why most of the better universities are bring forthing good quality alumnus, station alumnuss and PHD ‘s from many old ages perchance it would besides be effected by the type of consumption of pupils they give admittance. The capacity to present high-quality instructor preparation and graduate student survey and research is hence a cardinal constituent in increasing the ability of lower income state to cover with development challenges and hence the higher instruction committee HEC can play a critical function in this respect by giving the autochthonal scholarships to the pupils from the hapless background, those who are executing good in old academic calling, chiefly the scholarships for MS and PHD pupils were of import because farther they can play a critical function in the research sector and they can besides assist in the job designation procedure and so after that the recommendations or solutions by them may assist to further better consequences. The support being such a critical issue for Higher instruction in developing states, particularly autochthonal scholarships can potentially play an indispensable function in socio-economic development and besides in that procedure it will back up faculty members to come on their cognition and accomplishments, and every bit good as their exposure and experience additions with the transition of clip. The coaction between faculty members and industries is procedure that surrogate practical acquisition for the pupils and they serve their organisation more practically and they can utilize the theories in better manner which they learned during their academic calling. The establishment like HEC must set accent on the choice processes and puting importance on academic virtue and, The suggestion is that HEC must back up the persons from all over Pakistan through scholarships and families this will set a strong impact on Higher instruction. Scholarship programmes play a cardinal function in poorness decrease and it will implement persons to work hard for elating their lives and effects are better for them because of this motive ( to make something ) . Autochthonal pupils if take part more often in the higher instruction of any state so it will be considered as a plus point because it will lend in future, and policy shapers must maintain in head that the four indexs of autochthonal educational results: ( entree, engagement, keeping and success ) are of import and another thing is that quality direction is needed for coveted consequences. Another enterprise in old old ages by ( PEEF ) to give autochthonal scholarships in Punjab to the deserving pupils both on virtue and need-based, and another thing is that the pupils who get scholarships and survey in the establishment like LUMS is immense benefit and may further greater impact in future. In this respect the private sector is besides taking inaugural to take part in giving scholarships to the universities in this context they will subscribe the MOU with the establishments and particularly these MOU are signed with HEC, because organisations have to acknowledge that they have the beneficent attitude towards the society or we can state that they fill the societal duty by making this act and pull all stakeholders by acting in that manner. The Higher Education Commission ( HEC ) has started different scholarship programmes for the fiscal aid of brilliant but hapless pupils, with an purpose to give them an chance to react good and acquire choice instruction and come upfront. Fiscal Support is farther assisting them to acquire occupations in multi-national organisations. As the figure of autochthonal scholarships increases so the degree of instruction will besides increases because of greater registration in higher instruction. The accent must be given to those countries of the state where the basic instruction system is missing so in this respect the substructure needs to be designed for the development and by advancing the local people it will heighten the educated people in state and another thing is that authorities must set accent on the new concern development and industry edifice procedure because these fresh alumnuss, MBA ‘s later on demands to be employed in different countries and the authorities must sup ply them occupations in order to retain the quality intellectuals and besides forestall them from traveling abroad for of all time which is going quandary for developing states. If the people from the distant countries were given scholarships so they can became function theoretical account for their part and the development procedure increased because persons from these parts were automatically motivated and effects are better in future and this all contribute to poverty decrease and overall society, community and economic system of the state developed. Harmonizing to the plans and pupils ‘ registration, installations be made available and fundss should be provided to the populace sector universities. Local authorities should back up universities/DAI under their observation or in other words public sector universities, through relaxation in revenue enhancements as an encouragement, fiscal support on public-service corporations, pupil support and substructure development grants, this type of grant may work to increase in the installations of the universities and pupils, module members were facilitated by the new engineering. Fundss for the undertakings should be available on timely footing because hold of financess foster negative impact, the seasonably available financess helpful in traveling frontward, and this act for development must be the national precedence of the Pakistan. The acquired authorities financess, university itself make a commission for allotment of financess and so disbursement in a right manner is of import which can be checked subsequently on during the procedure of audit. University ranking must be linked with the resources use and the manner the pupils perform and it is besides linked with the university module members, and the research and figure of publications per twelvemonth and this will integrate or promote the establishments and the healthy competition come into drama. 16 old ages degree plans are introduced like the remainder of the universe, this enterprise is done by the universities of Pakistan but it needs betterment because if we want quality and international criterions in our establishments we need to work more difficult and wages are than better for state and end of greater economic system can be achieved. Resources made accessible and should be utilized at optimal degree. Faculties should be distributed between public and private sector universities at equal degree if we deviate from one sector it will make bad consequence for another sector, so this trade-off needs to be managed decently and the balance of module between establishment is of import factor for universities rankings and pupils quality because quality instructor can present and quality instruction and better cognition for the pupils. If monitoring is made a regular constituent of the institutions/DAI as a characteristic of the inputs, procedures and merchandises so the end product will be as desired by the Higher instruction systems and the end products including entree, engagement, keeping and success are achieved. Private universities are standardized and must be monitored by the HEC in order to retain the quality because if the admittances are given to the pupils on merit footing and the hiring of module members is a important factor for the private sector as good and this will besides supervise by the higher instruction committee in order to retain quality, but some of private sector establishments give better bundles for keeping of qualified module members. Stress on qualitative facet because qualitative factors count more as we written in brief earlier these qualitative facets include the quality of pupils, the quality of instructors, the quality of labs ( IT ) installations, libraries, and quality instruction instead than quantitative instruction. Systems are prepared for efficient and effectual in footings of their public presentation and executing of work at different degrees. Wastages of financess should be minimized. Research foundation should be made sufficiently strong because it will promote most of the research workers to carry on their research more efficaciously and expeditiously. Internationalization and Globalization plays a major function in the promotion of the establishments and its will bring on or shoot the new ways of larning and many pupils including instructors can derive more cognition from the exposure of the globalisation and this all help to turn to in all the procedures right from be aftering.