Is Abortion Ever Justfied? Essays -- essays research papers

Is abortion ever justified? If not, why? If it depends, then on what? It is not unreasonable to suggest that the vast majority of people consider it morally wrong to kill other persons. There may be examples of situations where the killing of a person may be justifiable, although they are by no means universally consented to, such as killing in self defence or as a form of capital punishment, but taken in isolation it is generally accepted that to kill is wrong. Therefore in the debate between pro and anti abortionists must centre around two essential questions: whether a foetus is a person, and if so when a foetus becomes a person; and whether abortion can be said to be self defence. Possibly the deepest dilemma for an anti abortionist concerns the stage at which a foetus can be said to be alive, in the sense in which we would refer to a child after it is born. It seems absurd to think that in the relatively short time which the birth takes, the baby’s status will be so radically altered yet an almost mystical store is set by birth as for the first time we can distinguish a distinct personality, and directly interact with the infant . However, it is a largely unfounded significance in ethical terms as birth is often governed by contingent factors and the time of birth can be manipulated. Also to be considered is the fact that if the baby is ready to emerge from the womb, then surely it possesses enough properties for us to consider it in some sense a person. For example, if not than an eight month old foetus would not have the same claim to personhood as a two-month-old baby born prematurely at six months even though they are of similar developmental stage s. Thus other stages of pregnancy are more commonly cited as the point in which personhood begins. John Grigg adopts the stance that there is a life that comes into existence as soon as conception occurs: â€Å"To my mind life begins at the moment of conception†¦ Conception is the magic moment.† (John Grigg, in the Guardian, 29 October 1973) This view may be problematic if we consider that life does not necessarily imply personhood. We may claim that the foetus is a human being but this merely implies that it is a member of our species, and not that of another. Yet it is at least true to say that a foetus, even in the earliest stages of pregnancy has the potential to be a person. This is slightly differe... ...elf defence, even though the foetus has no intention to harm the woman, it is a sad situation in which both parties might be thought of as morally blameless. However, can any abortion said to be self-defence? The reaction to an intrusion in the home may be said to be defence, yet a house is worth far less than your own body. The title question of this essay and the questions raised within it remain unconcluded. The problem is not that there are no answers, rather there are too many. The issue is complicated further by the fact that every single situation is different. Abortion is a very personal issue that effects many people in the world, the average Russian woman has twelve abortions in her life, it is also an especially emotional subject. Abortion is justified everyday, however whether it is a practice that can be morally justified with any universal consent is another issue. The only way I can see that abortion might receive the most moral acceptance, is that if it is presented on the grounds that we must all step back and respect that other moral agents have a right to make autonomous decisions, regardless of what we think about the way they choose to assert their autonomy.

Interest and Topic

CHAPTER 9Basic Macroeconomic Relationships TopicQuestion numbers:Consumption function/APC/MPC 1-39Saving function/APS/MPS 40-53Shifts in consumption and saving functions 54-69Graphs/tables: mixed consumption and saving 70-106Investment demand 107-145Multiplier effect 146-181Consider This 182-183Last Word 184-185True-False 186-200Multiple Choice Questions Consumption function/APC/MPCType: A Topic: 1 E: 152 MA: 152 .The most important determinant of consumer spending is:A)the level of household debt.B)the stock of wealth.C)consumer expectations.D)the level of income.Answer: DType: D Topic: 1 E: 152 MA: 1522. The most important determinant of consumption and saving is the:A)level of bank credit.B) level of income.C) interest rate.D) price level.Answer: BType: A Topic: 1 E: 156 MA: 1563. If Smith's disposable income increases from $1,200 to $1,700 and her level of saving increases from minus $100 to a plus $100, her marginal propensity to:A)save is three-fifths.C)consume is three-fifths. B)consume is one-half.D)consume is one-sixth.Answer: CType: A Topic: 1 E: 156 MA: 1564. With an MPS of . 4, the MPC will be:A)1. 0 minus . 4.B) . 4 minus 1. 0.C) the reciprocal of the MPS.D) . 4.Answer: AType: D Topic: 1 E: 156 MA: 1565. The MPC can be defined as that fraction of a:A)change in income that is not spent.C)given total income that is not consumed.B)change in income that is spent.D)given total income that is consumed.Answer: BType: A Topic: 1 E: 154 MA: 1546. The 45-degree line on a graph relating consumption and income shows:A)all points where the MPC is constant.B)all points at which saving and income are equal.C)all the points at which consumption and income are equal.D)the amounts households will plan to save at each possible level of income.Answer: CType: A Topic: 1 E: 154 MA: 1547. As disposable income goes up the:A)APC falls.C)volume of consumption declines absolutely.B)APS falls.D)volume of investment diminishes.Answer: AType: D Topic: 1 E: 153 MA: 1538. The cons umption schedule shows:A)that the MPC increases in proportion to GDP.B)that households consume more when interest rates are low.C)that consumption depends primarily on the level of business investment.D)the amounts households plan or intend to consume at various possible levels of aggregate income.Answer: DType: D Topic: 1 E: 153 MA: 1539. The consumption schedule relates:A)consumption to the level of disposable income.C)disposable income to domestic income.B)saving to the level of disposable income.D)consumption to saving.Answer: AType: A Topic: 1 E: 153 MA: 15310. A decline in disposable income:A)increases consumption by moving upward along a specific consumption schedule.B)decreases consumption because it shifts the consumption schedule downward.C)decreases consumption by moving downward along a specific consumption schedule.D)increases consumption because it shifts the consumption schedule upward.Answer: CType: D Topic: 1 E: 154 MA: 15411. The APC is calculated as:A)change in co nsumption / change in incomeC)change in income / change in consumptionB)consumption / incomeD)income / consumptionAnswer: BType: A Topic: 1 E: 153 MA: 15312. The consumption schedule shows:A)a direct relationship between aggregate consumption and accumulated wealth.B)a direct relationship between aggregate consumption and aggregate income.C)an inverse relationship between aggregate consumption and accumulated financial wealth.D)an inverse relationship between aggregate consumption and aggregate income.Answer: BType: D Topic: 1 E: 153 MA: 15313. The APC can be defined as the fraction of a:A)change in income that is not spent.B)change in income that is spent.C)specific level of total income that is not consumed.D)specific level of total income that is consumed.Answer: DType: G Topic: 1 E: 154-155 MA: 154-15514. The consumption schedule in the above diagram indicates that:A)consumers will maximize their satisfaction where the consumption schedule and 45 ° line intersect.B)up to a poi nt consumption exceeds income, but then falls below income.C)the MPC falls as income increases.D)households consume as much as they earn.Answer: BType: A Topic: 1 E: 154 MA: 15415. The consumption schedule is drawn on the assumption that as income increases consumption will:A)be unaffected.B)increase absolutely, but remain constant as a percentage of income.C)increase absolutely, but decline as a percentage of income.D)increase both absolutely and as a percentage of income.Answer: CType: A Topic: 1 E: 154 MA: 15416. Which of the following is correct?A)APC + APS = 1.B) APC + MPS = 1.C) APS + MPC = 1.D) APS + MPS = 1.Answer: AType: A Topic: 1 E: 154-156 MA: 16117. The consumption schedule is such that:A)both the APC and the MPC increase as income rises.B)the APC is constant and the MPC declines as income rises.C)the MPC is constant and the APC declines as income rises.D)the MPC and APC must be equal at all levels of income.Answer: CType: A Topic: 1 E: 154 MA: 15418. For all levels of income to the left of the intersection of the 45-degree line and the consumption schedule, the APC is:A)greater than 100 percent.B) less than the APS.C) equal to the MPC.D) equal to 100 percent.Answer: AType: A Topic: 1 E: 156 MA: 15619. The consumption and saving schedules reveal that the:A)MPC is greater than zero, but less than one.B)MPC and APC are equal at the point where the consumption schedule intersects the 45-degree line.C)APS is positive at all income levels.D)MPC is equal to or greater than one at all income levels.Answer: AType: A Topic: 1 E: 156 MA: 15620. The size of the MPC is assumed to be:A)less than zero.B) greater than one.C) greater than zero, but less than one.D) two or more.Answer: CType: A Topic: 1 E: 153-154 MA: 153-15421. As disposable income increases, consumption:A)and saving both increase.C)decreases and saving increases.B)and saving both decrease.D)increases and saving decreases.Answer: AType: D Topic: 1 E: 154 MA: 15422. The average propensity to consu me indicates the:A)amount by which income exceeds consumption.B)relationship between a change in saving and the consequent change in consumption.C)percentage of total income that will be consumed.D)percentage of a change in income that will be consumed.Answer: CType: A Topic: 1 E: 153 MA: 15323. The relationship between consumption and disposable income is such that:A)an inverse and stable relationship exists between consumption and income.B)a direct, but very volatile, relationship exists between consumption and income.C)a direct and relatively stable relationship exists between consumption and income.D)the two are always equal.Answer: CType: A Topic: 1 E: 156 MA: 15624. If the MPC is . 8 and disposable income is $200, thenA)consumption and saving cannot be determined from the information given.B)saving will be $20.C)personal consumption expenditures will be $80.D)saving will be $40.Answer: AType: A Topic: 1 E: 156 MA: 15625. The MPC for an economy is:A)the slope of the consumption schedule or line.B)the slope of the savings schedule or line.C)1 divided by the slope of the consumption schedule or line.D)1 divided by the slope of the savings schedule or line.Answer: AType: F Topic: 1 E: 158 MA: 15826. In contrast to investment, consumption is:A)relatively stable.B) relatively unstable.C) measurable.D) unmeasurable.Answer: AUse the following to answer questions 27-28: Advanced analysis) Answer the next question(s) on the basis of the following consumption schedule: C = 20 + . 9Y , where C is consumption and Y is disposable income.Type: E Topic: 1 E: 156 MA: 15627. Refer to the above data. The MPC is:A). 45.B) . 20.C) . 50.D) . 90.Answer: DType: E Topic: 1 E: 156 MA: 15628. Refer to the above data. At an $800 level of disposable income, the level of saving is:A)$180.B) $740.C) $60.D) $18.Answer: CType: A Topic: 1 E: 156 MA: 15629. Which one of the following will cause a movement down along an economy's consumption schedule?A)an increase in stock pricesC)an incre ase in consumer indebtednessB)a decrease in stock pricesD)a decrease in disposable incomeAnswer: DType: G Topic: 1 E: 156 MA: 15630. The above diagram shows consumption schedules for economies A and B. We can say that the:A)MPC is greater in B than in A.B)APC at any given income level is greater in B than in A.C)MPS is smaller in B than in A.D)MPC is greater in A than in B.Answer: DType: A Topic: 1 E: 154 MA: 15431. At the point where the consumption schedule intersects the 45-degree line:A)the MPC is 1. 00.C)saving is equal to consumption.B)the APC is 1. 0.D)the economy is in equilibrium.Answer: BType: C Topic: 1 E: 156 MA: 15632. Holly's break-even level of income is $10,000 and her MPC is 0. 75. If her actual disposable income is $16,000, her level of:A)consumption spending will be $14,500.C)consumption spending will be $13,000.B)consumption spending will be $15,500.D)saving will be $2,500.Answer: AType: A Topic: 1 E: 156 MA: 15633. If Ben's MPC is . 80, this means that he will:A )spend eight-tenths of any increase in his disposable income.B)spend eight-tenths of any level of disposable income.C)break even when his disposable income is $8,000.D)save two-tenths of any level of disposable income.Answer: AType: A Topic: 1 E: 154 MA: 15434. Suppose a family's consumption exceeds its disposable income. This means that its:A)MPC is greater than 1.B) MPS is negative.C) APC is greater than 1.D) APS is positive.Answer: CType: E Topic: 1 E: 154 MA: 15435. (Advanced analysis) If the equation for the consumption schedule is C = 20 + 0. 8Y , where C is consumption and Y is disposable income, then the average propensity to consume is 1 when disposable income is:A)$80.B) $100.C) $120.D) $160.Answer: BType: E Topic: 1 E: 156 MA: 15636. (Advanced analysis) The equation C = 35 + . 75Y , where C is consumption and Y is disposable income, shows that:A)households will consume three-fourths of whatever level of disposable income they receive.B)households will consume $35 if their disposable income is zero and will consume three-fourths of any increase in disposable income they receive.C)there is an inverse relationship between disposable income and consumption.D)households will save $35 if their disposable income is zero and will consume three-fourths of any increase in disposable income they receive.Answer: BType: E Topic: 1 E: 156 MA: 15637. Advanced analysis) If the equation C = 20 + . 6Y , where C is consumption and Y is disposable income, were graphed:A)the vertical intercept would be +. 6 and the slope would be +20.B)it would reveal an inverse relationship between consumption and disposable income.C)the vertical intercept would be negative, but consumption would increase as disposable income rises.D)the vertical intercept would be +20 and the slope would be +. 6.Answer: DType: A Topic: 1 E: 154 MA: 15438. One can determine the amount of any level of total income that is consumed by:A)multiplying total income by the slope of the consumption schedule.B) multiplying total income by the APC.C)subtracting the MPS from total income.D)multiplying total income by the MPC.Answer: BType: C Topic: 1 E: 154, 156 MA: 154, 15639. Which of the following is correct?A)MPC + MPS = APC + APSC)APC + MPC = APS + MPSB)APC + MPS = APS + MPCD)APC – APS = MPC – MPSAnswer: A Saving function/APS/MPSType: A Topic: 2 E: 154 MA: 15440. The consumption and saving schedules reveal that:A)consumption rises, but saving declines, as disposable income rises.B)saving varies inversely with the profitability of investment.C)saving varies directly with the level of disposable income.D)saving is inversely related to the rate of interest.Answer: CType: D Topic: 2 E: 154 MA: 15441. Dissaving means:A)the same thing as disinvesting.B)that households are spending more than their current incomes.C)that saving and investment are equal.D)that disposable income is less than zero.Answer: BType: D Topic: 2 E: 154 MA: 15442. Dissaving occurs where:A)income exceeds con sumption.C)consumption exceeds income.B)saving exceeds consumption.D)saving exceeds income.Answer: CType: A Topic: 2 E: 156 MA: 15643. Which of the following relations is not correct?A)1 – MPC = MPSB) APS + APC = 1C) MPS = MPC + 1D) MPC + MPS = 1Answer: CType: A Topic: 2 E: 154 MA: 15444. The saving schedule is drawn on the assumption that as income increases:A)saving will decline absolutely and as a percentage of income.B)saving will increase absolutely, but remain constant as a percentage of income.C)saving will increase absolutely, but decline as a percentage of income.D)saving will increase absolutely and as a percentage of income.Answer: DType: A Topic: 2 E: 154 MA: 15445. At the point where the consumption schedule intersects the 45-degree line:A)the MPC equals 1.B) the APC is zero.C) saving equals income.D) saving is zero.Answer: DType: A Topic: 2 E: 154 MA: 15446. The saving schedule is such that as aggregate income increases by a certain amount saving:A)increases by the same amount as the increase in income.B)does not change.C)increases, but by a smaller amount.D)increases by an even larger amount.Answer: CType: A Topic: 2 E: 156 MA: 15647. If the consumption schedule is linear, then the:A)saving schedule will also be linear.C)MPC will decline as income rises.B)MPS will decline as income rises.D)APC will be constant at all levels of income.Answer: AType: A Topic: 2 E: 153 MA: 15348. Given the consumption schedule, it is possible to graph the relevant saving schedule by:A)subtracting the MPC from 1 at each level of income.B)subtracting investment from consumption at each level of GDP.C)plotting the horizontal differences between the consumption schedule and the 45-degree line.D)plotting the vertical differences between the consumption schedule and the 45-degree line.Answer: DType: A Topic: 2 E: 154 MA: 15449. As aggregate income decreases, the APC:A)and APS will both increase.C)will increase, but the APS will decrease.B)will decrease, but the AP S will increase.D)and APS will both decrease.Answer: CType: A Topic: 2 E: 156 MA: 15650. If the marginal propensity to consume is . 9, then the marginal propensity to save must be:A)1.B) . 1.C) 1. 1.D) . 9.Answer: BType: A Topic: 2 E: 156 MA: 15651. The greater is the marginal propensity to consume, the:A)smaller is the marginal propensity to save.C)lower is the average propensity to consume.B)higher is the interest rate.D)lower is the price level.Answer: AType: A Topic: 2 E: 156 MA: 15652. If the saving schedule is a straight line, the:A)MPS must be constant.C)APC must be constant.B)APS must be constant.D)MPC must be rising.Answer: AType: A Topic: 2 E: 154 MA: 15453. Which one of the following will cause a movement up along an economy's saving schedule?A)an increase in household debt outstandingC)an increase in stock pricesB)an increase in disposable incomeD)an increase in interest ratesAnswer: B Shifts in consumption and saving functionsType: D Topic: 3 E: 156-157 MA: 156-15754. I n the late 1990s the U. S. stock market boomed, causing U. S. consumption to rise. Economists refer to this outcome as the:A)Keynes effect.B) interest-rate effect.C) wealth effect.D) multiplier effect.Answer: CType: A Topic: 3 E: 157 MA: 15755. The wealth effect is shown graphically as a:A)shift of the consumption schedule.B)movement along an existing consumption schedule.C)shift of the investment schedule.D)movement along an existing investment schedule.Answer: AUse the following to answer questions 56-59:Type: G Topic: 3 E: 157 MA: 15756. Refer to the above graph. A movement from b to a along C1 might be caused by a:A)recession.B)wealth effect of an increase in stock market prices.C)decrease in income tax rates.D)increase in saving.Answer: AType: G Topic: 3 E: 157 MA: 15757. Refer to the above graph. A shift of the consumption schedule from C1 to C2 might be caused by a:A)recession.B)wealth effect of an increase in stock market prices.C)increase in income tax rates.D)increase in s aving.Answer: BType: G Topic: 3 E: 157 MA: 15758. Refer to the above graph. A movement from a to b along C1 might be caused by a:A)recession.B)wealth effect of an increase in stock market prices.C)increase in income tax rates.D)increase in real GDP.Answer: DType: G Topic: 3 E: 157 MA: 15759. Refer to the above graph. A shift of the consumption schedule from C2 to C1 might be caused by a:A)increase in real GDP.B)reverse wealth effect, caused by a decrease in stock market prices.C)decrease in income tax rates.D)decrease in saving.Answer: BType: C Topic: 3 E: 157 MA: 15760. An upward shift of the saving schedule suggests:A)nothing with respect to changes in the APC and APS.B)that the APC and APS have both decreased at each GDP level.C)that the APC and APS have both increased at each GDP level.D)that the APC has decreased and the APS has increased at each GDP level.Answer: DType: A Topic: 3 E: 157 MA: 15761. Which of the following will not tend to shift the consumption schedule upward?A )a currently small stock of durable goods in the possession of consumersB)the expectation of a future decline in the consumer price indexC)a currently low level of household debt.D)the expectation of future shortages of essential consumer goods.Answer: BType: A Topic: 3 E: 157 MA: 15762. If the consumption schedule shifts upward and the shift was not caused by a tax change, the saving schedule:A)will not shift.C)will shift downward.B)may shift either upward or downward.D)will also shift upward.Answer: CType: A Topic: 3 E: 156 MA: 15663. Which of the following will not cause the consumption schedule to shift?A)a sharp increase in the amount of wealth held by householdsB)a change in consumer incomesC)the expectation of a recessionD)a growing expectation that consumer durables will be in short supplyAnswer: BType: A Topic: 3 E: 157 MA: 15764. An increase in personal taxes will shift:A)both the consumption and saving schedules downward.B)both the consumption and saving schedules upward. C)the consumption schedule upward and the saving schedule downward.D)the consumption schedule downward and the saving schedule upward.Answer: AType: A Topic: 3 E: 157 MA: 15765. If for some reason households become increasingly thrifty, we could show this by:A)a downshift of the saving schedule.C)an upshift of the saving schedule.B)an upshift of the consumption schedule.D)an increase in the equilibrium GDP.Answer: CType: G Topic: 3 E: 156 MA: 15666. Suppose the economy's saving schedule shifts from S1 to S 2 as shown in the above diagram. We can say that its:A)MPC has increased.B)MPS has increased.C)APS has increased at all levels of disposable income.D)APS has decreased at all levels of disposable income.Answer: BType: C Topic: 3 E: 154 MA: 15467. If a consumption schedule shifts upward, this necessarily means that the:A)MPC has increased.B)MPS has decreased.C)APC is now higher at each level of disposable income.D)APC is now lower at each level of disposable income.Answer: CType: A Topic: 3 E: 158 MA: 15868. Assume the economy's consumption and saving schedules simultaneously shift downward. This must be the result of:A)an increase in disposable income.C)an increase in personal taxes.B)an increase in household wealth.D)the expectation of a recession.Answer: CType: G Topic: 3 E: 154 MA: 15469. Suppose an economy's consumption schedule shifts from C1 to C2 as shown in the above diagram. We can say that its:A)MPC has increased but its APC at each income level is unchanged.B)APC at each income level is increased but its MPC is unchanged.C)MPC and APC at each income level have both increased.D)MPC and APC at each income level have both decreased.Answer: CGraphs/tables: mixed consumption and saving Use the following to answer questions 70-72:Type: T Topic: 4 E: 156 MA: 15670. Refer to the above data. The marginal propensity to consume is:A). 25.B) . 75.C) . 20.D) . 80.Answer: DType: T Topic: 4 E: 154 MA: 15471. Refer to the above data. At the $200 level of disposab le income:A)the marginal propensity to save is 2? percent.C)the average propensity to save is . 20.B)dissaving is $5.D)the average propensity to consume is . 80.Answer: BType: T Topic: 4 E: 156 MA: 15672. Refer to the above data. If disposable income was $325, we would expect consumption to be:A)$315.B) $305.C) $20.D) $290.Answer: BUse the following to answer questions 73-78:Type: G Topic: 4 E: 154 MA: 15473. Refer to the above diagram. The average propensity to consume is 1 at point:A)F.B) A.C) D.D) B.Answer: BType: G Topic: 4 E: 156 MA: 15674. Refer to the above diagram. The marginal propensity to consume is equal to:A)AE/0E.B) CF/CD.C) CB/AB.D) CD/CF.Answer: CType: G Topic: 4 E: 154-155 MA: 154-15575. Refer to the above diagram. At income level F the volume of saving is:A)BD.B) AB.C) CF-BF.D) CD.Answer: DType: G Topic: 4 E: 154 MA: 15476. Refer to the above diagram. Consumption will be equal to income at:A)an income of E.B) an income of F.C) point C.D) point D.Answer: AType: G To pic: 4 E: 154-155 MA: 154-15577. Refer to the above diagram. The economy is dissaving:A)in the amount CD.C)at income level H.B)at all income levels greater than E.D)at income level E.Answer: CType: G Topic: 4 E: 156 MA: 15678. Refer to the above diagram. The marginal propensity to save is:A)CD/EF.B) CB/CF.C) CB/AF.D) EF/CB.Answer: AUse the following to answer questions 79-80:Type: A Topic: 4 E: 153 MA: 15379. The above figure suggests that:A)consumption would be $60 billion even if income were zero.B)saving is zero at the $120 billion income level.C)as income increases, consumption decreases as a percentage of income.D)as income increases, consumption decreases absolutely.Answer: CType: A Topic: 4 E: 154-155 MA: 154-15580. Refer to the above figure. If the relevant saving schedule were constructed:A)saving would be minus $20 billion at the zero level of income.B)aggregate saving would be $60 at the $60 billion level of income.C)its slope would be 1/2.D)it would slope downward and to the rightAnswer: AUse the following to answer questions 81-83:Answer the next question(s) on the basis of the following data for a hypothetical economy.Type: T Topic: 4 E: 156 MA: 15681. Refer to the above data. The marginal propensity to consume is:A). 80.B) . 75.C) . 20.D) . 25.Answer: AType: T Topic: 4 E: 154 MA: 15482. Refer to the above data. At the $100 level of income, the average propensity to save is:A). 10.B) . 20.C) . 25.D) . 90.Answer: AType: T Topic: 4 E: 156 MA: 15683. Refer to the above data. If plotted on a graph, the slope of the saving schedule would be:A). 80.B) . 10.C) . 20.D) . 15.Answer: CUse the following to answer questions 84-88:Type: G Topic: 4 E: 156 MA: 15684. Refer to the above diagram. The marginal propensity to save is equal to:A)CD/0D.B) 0B/0A.C) 0D/0D.D) CD/BD.Answer: DType: G Topic: 4 E: 154 MA: 15485. Refer to the above diagram. At disposable income level D, the average propensity to save is equal to:A)CD/BD.B) CD/D.C) D/CD.D) A/B.Answer: BType: G Topic: 4 E: 154-155 MA: 154-15586. Refer to the above diagram. At disposable income level D, consumption is:A)equal to CD.B) equal to D minus CD.C) equal to CD/D.D) equal to CD plus BD.Answer: BType: G Topic: 4 E: 154-155 MA: 154-15587. Refer to the above diagram. Consumption equals disposable income when:A)disposable income is B.B) disposable income is D.C) CD equals A.D) B equals CD.Answer: AType: A Topic: 4 E: 156-157 MA: 156-15788. The saving schedule shown in the above diagram would shift downward if, all else equal:A)the average propensity to save increased at each income level.B)the marginal propensity to save rose at each income level.C)consumer wealth rose rapidly because of a significant increase in stock market prices.D)the real interest rate fell.Answer: CUse the following to answer questions 89-96:Answer the next question(s) on the basis of the following consumption schedules. DI signifies disposable income and C represents consumption expenditures. All figures are in billions of dollars.Type: T Topic: 4 E: 156 MA: 15689. Refer to the above data. The marginal propensity to consume in economy (1) is:A). 5.B) . 3.C) . 8.D) . 7.Answer: DType: T Topic: 4 E: 156 MA: 15690. Refer to the above data. The marginal propensity to consume:A)is highest in economy (1).C)is highest in economy (3).B)is highest in economy (2).D)cannot be calculated from the data given.Answer: CType: T Topic: 4 E: 156 MA: 15691. Refer to the above data. The marginal propensity to save:A)is highest in economy (1).C)is highest in economy (3).B)is highest in economy (2).D)cannot be determined from the data given.Answer: AType: T Topic: 4 E: 154 MA: 15492. Refer to the above data. At an income level of $40 billion, the average propensity to consume:A)is highest in economy (1).C)is highest in economy (3).B)is highest in economy (2).D)cannot be determined from the data given.Answer: BType: T Topic: 4 E: 154 MA: 15493. Refer to the above data. At an income level of $400 billion, the aver age propensity to save in economy (2) is:A). 9125.B) . 0725.C) . 0875.D) . 9305.Answer: CType: T Topic: 4 E: 156 MA: 15694. (Advanced analysis) Refer to the above data. When plotted on a graph, the vertical intercept of the consumption schedule in economy (3) is _____ and the slope is _____.A)minus $2; . 9.B) $2; . 18.C) $100; . 5.D) $2; . 9.Answer: DType: T Topic: 4 E: 158 MA: 15895. Refer to the above data. Suppose that consumption decreased by $2 billion at each level of DI in each of the three countries. We can conclude that the:A)marginal propensity to consume will remain unchanged in each of the three countries.B)marginal propensity to consume will decline in each of the three countries.C)average propensity to save will fall at each level of DI in each of the three countries.D)marginal propensity to save will rise in each of the three countries.Answer: AType: T Topic: 4 E: 157 MA: 15796. Refer to the above data. A $2 billion increase in consumption at each level of DI could be caused by:A)a decrease in consumer wealth.C)an increase in taxation.B)new expectations of higher future income.D)an increase in saving.Answer: BUse the following to answer questions 97-100:Type: G Topic: 4 E: 154 MA: 15497. Refer to the above diagram. The break-even level of disposable income:A)is zero.B) is minus $10.C) is $100.D) cannot be determined from the information given.Answer: CType: G Topic: 4 E: 156 MA: 15698. Refer to the above diagram. The marginal propensity to consume is:A). 2.B) . 8.C) . 4.D) . 3.Answer: BType: G Topic: 4 E: 156 MA: 15699. (Advanced analysis) The equation for the above saving schedule is:A)Yd = -20 + . 8S.B) Yd = 20 + . 2S.C) S = -20 + . 2Yd.D) S = 20 + . 8Yd.Answer: CType: G Topic: 4 E: 154-155 MA: 154-155100. Refer to the above diagram. The average propensity to consume:A)is greater than 1 at all levels of disposable income above $100.B)is greater than 1 at all levels of disposable income below $100.C)is equal to the average propensity to save.D) cannot be determined from the information given.Answer: BUse the following to answer questions 101-104:Type: G Topic: 4 E: 154 MA: 154101. Refer to the above diagram. The break-even level of income is:A)zero.B) $150.C) $60.D) $120.Answer: BType: G Topic: 4 E: 154 MA: 154102. Refer to the above diagram. The average propensity to consume is:A)greater than 1 at all levels of income above $150.B)greater than 1 at all levels of income below $150.C)zero.D). 6.Answer: BType: G Topic: 4 E: 156 MA: 156103. Refer to the above diagram. The marginal propensity to consume is:A). 4.B) . 6.C) . 5.D) . 8.Answer: BType: G Topic: 4 E: 156 MA: 156104. (Advanced analysis) Refer to the above diagram. The equation for the consumption schedule is:A)C = . 6Y .B) Y = 60 + . C.C) C = 60 + . 6Y .D) C = 60 + . 4Y .Answer: CUse the following to answer questions 105-106: (Advanced analysis) Answer the next question(s) on the basis of the following data:Type: T Topic: 4 E: 156 MA: 156105. Which of the following e quations correctly represents the above data?A)Yd = 40 + . 6CB) C = 60 + . 4YdC) C = 40 + . 6YdD) C = . 6YdAnswer: CType: T Topic: 4 E: 156 MA: 156106. Which of the following equations represents the saving schedule implicit in the above data?A)S = C – YdB) S = 40 + . 4YdC) S = 40 + . 6YdD) S = -40 + . YdAnswer: DInvestment demandType: F Topic: 5 E: 160 MA: 160 Status: New107. The investment demand curve portrays an inverse (negative) relationship between:A)investment and real GDP.C)the nominal interest rate and investment.B)the real interest rate and investment.D)the price level and investment.Answer: BType: F Topic: 5 E: 160 MA: 160 Status: New108. The investment demand slopes downward and to the right because lower real interest rates:A)expand consumer borrowing, making investments more profitable.B)boost expected rates of returns on investment.C)enable more investment projects to be undertaken profitably.D)create tax incentives to invest.Answer: CType: ATopic: 5 E: 159 MA : 159 Status: New109. Other things equal, a decrease in the real interest rate will:A)shift the investment demand curve to the right.B)shift the investment demand curve to the left.C)move the economy upward along its existing investment demand curve.D)move the economy downward along its existing investment demand curve.Answer: DType: A Topic: 5 E: 159 MA: 159110. Suppose that a new machine tool having a useful life of only one year costs $80,000. Suppose, also, that the net additional revenue resulting from buying this tool is expected to be $96,000. The expected rate of return on this tool is:A)80 percent.B) 8 percent.C) 2 percent.D) 20 percent.Answer: DType: A Topic: 5 E: 159 MA: 159111. Assume a machine which has a useful life of only one year costs $2,000. Assume, also, that net of such operating costs as power, taxes, and so forth, the additional revenue from the output of this machine is expected to be $2,300. The expected rate of return on this machine is:A)7. 5 percent.B) 10 percent.C) 15 percent.D) 20 percent.Answer: CType: A Topic: 5 E: 159 MA: 159112. If the firm in the previous question finds it can borrow funds at an interest rate of 10 percent the firm should:A)not purchase the machine because the expected rate of return exceeds the interest rate.B)not purchase the machine because the interest rate exceeds the expected rate of return.C)purchase the machine because the expected rate of return exceeds the interest rate.D)purchase the machine because the interest rate exceeds the expected rate of return.Answer: CType: D Topic: 5 E: 159-160 MA: 159-160113. The relationship between the real interest rate and investment is shown by the:A)investment demand schedule.C)saving schedule.B)consumption of fixed capital schedule.D)aggregate supply curve.Answer: AType: A Topic: 5 E: 159-160 MA: 159-160114. Given the expected rate of return on all possible investment opportunities in the economy:A)an increase in the real rate of interest will reduce the level of investment.B)a decrease in the real rate of interest will reduce the level of investment.C)a change in the real interest rate will have no impact on the level of investment.D)an increase in the real interest rate will increase the level of investment.Answer: AType: A Topic: 5 E: 159-160 MA: 159-160115. A decline in the real interest rate will:A)increase the amount of investment spending.C)shift the investment demand curve to the right.B)shift the investment schedule downward.D)shift the investment demand curve to the left.Answer: AType: A Topic: 5 E: 159-160 MA: 159-160116. The immediate determinants of investment spending are the:A)expected rate of return on capital goods and the real interest rate.B)level of saving and the real interest rate.C)marginal propensity to consume and the real interest rate.D)interest rate and the expected price level.Answer: AType: A Topic: 5 E: 160 MA: 160117. The investment demand curve suggests:A)that changes in the real interest rate will not affec t the amount invested.B)there is an inverse relationship between the real rate of interest and the level of investment spending.C)that an increase in business taxes will tend to stimulate investment spending.D)there is a direct relationship between the real rate of interest and the level of investment spending.Answer: BType: T Topic: 5 E: 160 MA: 160118. Assume there are no prospective investment projects (I) that will yield an expected rate of return (r) of 25 percent or more, but that there are $5 billion of investment opportunities with an expected rate of return between 20 and 25 percent, an additional $5 billion between 15 and 20 percent, and so on. The investment-demand curve for this economy is:Answer: BType: T Topic: 5 E: 160 MA: 160119. In view of your answer to the previous question, if the real interest rate is 15 percent in this economy, the aggregate amount of investment will be:A)$25.B) $20.C) $15.D) $10.Answer: DType: C Topic: 5 E: 162 MA: 162120. If business taxes ar e reduced and the real interest rate increases:A)consumption and saving will necessarily increase.B)the level of investment spending might either increase or decrease.C)the level of investment spending will necessarily increase.D)the level of investment spending will necessarily decrease.Answer: BType: A Topic: 5 E: 162 MA: 162121. Other things equal, a 10 percent decrease in corporate income taxes will:A)decrease the market price of real capital goods.B)have no effect on the location of the investment-demand curve.C)shift the investment-demand curve to the right.D)shift the investment-demand curve to the left.Answer: CType: A Topic: 5 E: 162 MA: 162122. The investment demand curve will shift to the right as the result of:A)the availability of excess production capacity.B)an increase in business taxes.C)businesses becoming more optimistic about future business conditions.D)an increase in the real interest rate.Answer: CType: A Topic: 5 E: 159-160 MA: 159-160123. Other things equal, the real interest rate and the level of investment are:A)related only when saving equals planned investment.B)unrelated.C)inversely related.D)directly related.Answer: CUse the following to answer questions 124-125:Answer the next question(s) on the basis of the following table:Type: T Topic: 5 E: 160 MA: 160124. The above table reflects a(n):A)interest rate schedule.C)investment demand schedule.B)demand-for-money schedule.D)profit schedule.Answer: CType: T Topic: 5 E: 160 MA: 160125. The above schedule indicates that if the real interest rate is 8 percent, then:A)we cannot tell what volume of investment will be profitable.B)$30 billion will be both saved and invested.C)$30 billion of investment will be undertaken.D)$60 billion of investment will be undertaken.Answer: CType: C Topic: 5 E: 162 MA: 162126. Other things equal, if the real interest rate falls and business taxes rise:A)investment will rise until it is equal to saving.B)we will be uncertain as to the resulting change in in vestment.C)we can be certain that investment will rise.D)we can be certain that investment will fall.Answer: BType: A Topic: 5 E: 162 MA: 162127. The investment demand curve will shift to the right as a result of:A)an increase in the excess production capacity available in industry.B)an increase in business taxes.C)technological progress.D)an increase in the acquisition and maintenance cost of capital goods.Answer: CType: A Topic: 5 E: 162 MA: 162128. The investment demand curve will shift to the left as a result of:A)an increase in the excess production capacity available in industry.B)a decrease in business taxes.C)increased business optimism with respect to future economic conditions.D)a decrease in labor costs.Answer: AType: A Topic: 5 E: 159 MA: 159129. If the real interest rate in the economy is i and the expected rate of return from additional investment is r, then more investment will be forthcoming when:A)r falls.B) i is greater than r.C) r is greater than i.D) i rises.Answ er: CType: A Topic: 5 E: 162 MA: 162130. A rightward shift of the investment demand curve might be caused by:A)an increase in the price level.B)a decline in the real interest rate.C)an increase in the expected rate of return on investment.D)an increase in business taxes.Answer: CType: A Topic: 5 E: 159 MA: 159131. The real interest rate is:A)the percentage increase in money that the lender receives on a loan.B)the percentage increase in purchasing power that the lender receives on a loan.C)also called the after-tax interest rate.D)usually higher than the nominal interest rate.Answer: BType: A Topic: 5 E: 160 MA: 160132. When we draw an investment demand curve we hold constant all of the following except:A)the expected rate of return on the investment.C)the interest rate.B)business taxes.D)the present stock of capital goods.Answer: CType: A Topic: 5 E: 159 MA: 159133. If the nominal interest rate is 18 percent and the real interest rate is 6 percent, the inflation rate is:A)18 percen t.B) 24 percent.C) 12 percent.D) 6 percent.Answer: CType: A Topic: 5 E: 159-160 MA: 159-160134. If the inflation rate is 10 percent and the real interest rate is 12 percent, the nominal interest rate is:A)2 percent.B) zero percent.C) 10 percent.D) 22 percent.Answer: DType: A Topic: 5 E: 160 MA: 160135. A high rate of inflation is likely to cause a:A)high nominal interest rate.C)low rate of growth of nominal GDP.B)low nominal interest rate.D)decrease in nominal wages.Answer: AType: A Topic: 5 E: 160 MA: 160136. If the real interest rate in the economy is i and the expected rate of return on additional investment is r, then other things equal:A)more investment will be forthcoming when i exceeds r.B)less investment will be forthcoming when r rises.C)r will fall as more investment is undertaken.D)r will exceed i at all possible levels of investment.Answer: CType: A Topic: 5 E: 159 MA: 159137. If the real interest rate in the economy is i and the expected rate of return on additional inv estment is r, then other things equal:A)investment will take place until i and r are equal.B)investment will take place until r exceeds i by the greatest amount.C)r will rise as more investment is undertaken.D)i will fall as more investment is undertaken.Answer: AType: G Topic: 5 E: 160 MA: 160138. Assume that for the entire business sector of a private closed economy there is $0 worth of investment projects that will yield an expected rate of return of 25 percent or more. But there are $15 worth of investments that will yield an expected rate of return of 20-25 percent; another $15 with an expected rate of return of 15-20 percent; and similarly an additional $15 of investment projects in each successive rate of return range down to and including the 0-5 percent range. Which of the lines on the above diagram represents these data?A)AB) BC) CD) DAnswer: BUse the following to answer questions 139-141:Answer the next question(s) on the basis of the following information for a private c losed economy. Assume that for the entire business sector of the economy there is $0 worth of investment projects that will yield an expected rate of return of 25 percent or more. But there are $15 worth of investments that will yield an expected rate of return of 20-25 percent; another $15 with an expected rate of return of 15-20 percent; and similarly an additional $15 of investment projects in each successive rate of return range down to and including the 0-5 percent range.Type: G Topic: 5 E: 159 MA: 159139. Refer to the above information. If the real interest rate is 15 percent, what amount of investment will be undertaken?A)$15B) $30C) $45D) $60Answer: BType: G Topic: 5 E: 159 MA: 159140. Refer to the above information. If the real interest rate is 5 percent, what amount of investment will be undertaken?A)$15B) $30C) $45D) $60Answer: DType: G Topic: 5 E: 160 MA: 160141. Refer to the above information. The expected rate of return curve:A)shows a direct relationship between the i nterest rate and investment.B)is also the investment demand curve.C)is indeterminant.D)implies a direct (positive) relationship between the interest rate and the level of GDP.Answer: BUse the following to answer questions 142-144:Type: G Topic: 5 E: 162 MA: 162 Status: New142. Which of the following would shift the investment demand curve from ID1 to ID2?A)a lower interest rateC)a higher interest rateB)lower expected rates of return on investmentD)higher expected rates of return on investmentAnswer: DType: G Topic: 5 E: 162 MA: 162 Status: New143. Which of the following would shift the investment demand curve from ID1 to ID3?A)a lower interest rateC)a higher interest rateB)lower expected rates of return on investmentD)higher expected rates of return on investmentAnswer: BType: G Topic: 5 E: 160 MA: 160 Status: New144. Which of the following would increase investment, while leaving an existing investment demand curve, say, ID2, in place?A)a lower interest rateC)lower expected returns on investmentB)a higher interest rateD)higher expected returns on investmentAnswer: AType: F Topic: 5 E: 162-163 MA: 162-163 Status: New145. In annual percentage terms, investment spending in the United States is:A)less variable than real GDP.C)less variable than the price level.B)less variable than consumption spending.D)more variable than real GDP.Answer: DMultiplier effectType: A Topic: 6 E: 164 MA: 164146. The multiplier effect means that:A)consumption is typically several times as large as saving.B)a change in consumption can cause a larger increase in investment.C)an increase in investment can cause GDP to change by a larger amount.D)a decline in the MPC can cause GDP to rise by several times that amount.Answer: CType: E Topic: 6 E: 166 MA: 166147. The multiplier is:A)1/MPC.B) 1/(1 + MPC).C) 1/MPS.D) 1/(1 – MPS).Answer: CType: A Topic: 6 E: 164 MA: 164148. The multiplier is useful in determining the:A)full-employment unemployment rate.B)level of business inventories.C) rate of inflation.D)change in GDP resulting from a change in spending.Answer: DType: D Topic: 6 E: 164 MA: 164149. The multiplier is defined as:A)1 – MPS.C)change in GDP/initial change in spending.B)change in GDP ? initial change in spending.D)change in GDP – initial change in spending.Answer: CUse the following to answer questions 150-151:Type: G Topic: 6 E: 156 MA: 156150. The above figure shows the saving schedules for economies 1, 2, 3, and 4. Which economy has the highest marginal propensity to consume?A)1B) 2C) 3D) 4Answer: DType: G Topic: 6 E: 166 MA: 166151. The above figure shows the saving schedules for economies 1, 2, 3, and 4. Which economy has the largest multiplier?A)1B) 2C) 3D) 4Answer: DType: E Topic: 6 E: 166 MA: 166 152. If 100 percent of any change in income is spent, the multiplier will be:A)equal to the MPC.B) 1.C) zero.D) infinitely large.Answer: DType: E Topic: 6 E: 166 MA: 166153. The multiplier can be calculated as:A)1/(MPS + MPC)B) MPC/MPSC) 1 /(1 – MPC)D) 1 – MPC = MPSAnswer: CType: D Topic: 6 E: 166 MA: 166154. The multiplier:A)occurs only in response to a change in the level of investment spending.B)can be found by taking the reciprocal of the MPS.C)occurs only when intended investment increases as GDP increases.D)is measured by the slope of the saving schedule.Answer: BType: A Topic: 6 E: 166 MA: 166155. The size of the multiplier is equal to the:A)slope of the consumption schedule.B)reciprocal of the slope of the consumption schedule.C)slope of the saving schedule.D)reciprocal of the slope of the saving schedule.Answer: DType: C Topic: 6 E: 166 MA: 166156. If the MPS is only half as large as the MPC, the multiplier is:A)2.B) 3.C) 4.D) 5.Answer: BType: A Topic: 6 E: 166 MA: 166157. If the MPC is . 70 and gross investment increases by $3 billion, the equilibrium GDP will:A)increase by $10 billion.C)decrease by $4. 29 billion.B)increase by $2. 10 billion.D)increase by $4. 29 billion.Answer: AType: A Topic: 6 E: 166 MA: 166158. The numerical value of the multiplier will be smaller the:A)larger the average propensity to consume.C)larger the slope of the consumption schedule.B)larger the slope of the saving schedule.D)smaller the slope of the saving schedule.Answer: BType: A Topic: 6 E: 165 MA: 165159. The practical significance of the multiplier is that it:A)equates the real interest rate and the expected rate of return on investment.B)magnifies initial changes in spending into larger changes in GDP.C)keeps inflation within tolerable limits.D)helps to stabilize the economy.Answer: BType: F Topic: 6 E: 166 MA: 166160. The multiplier:A)varies directly with the slope of the investment demand schedule.B)is unrelated to the slope of the saving schedule.C)will be greater, the smaller is the slope of the saving schedule.D)will be greater, the steeper is the slope of the saving schedule.Answer: CType: A Topic: 6 E: 166 MA: 166161. The increase in income that results from an increase in investm ent spending would be greater the:A)smaller the MPS.B) smaller the APC.C) larger the MPS.D) smaller the MPC.Answer: AType: A Topic: 6 E: 164 MA: 164162. The multiplier effect:A)reduces the MPC.B)magnifies changes in spending into larger changes in output and income.C)promotes stability of the general price level.D)lessens upswings and downswings in business activity.Answer: BType: E Topic: 6 E: 166 MA: 166163. If the MPC is . 6, the multiplier will be:A)4. 0.B) 6. 0.C) 2. 5.D) 1. 67.Answer: CType: C Topic: 6 E: 166 MA: 166164. Assume the MPC is 2/3. If investment spending increases by $2 billion, the level of GDP will increase by:A)$3 billion.B) $2/3 billion.C) $6 billion.D) $2 billion.Answer: CType: E Topic: 6 E: 166 MA: 166165. The multiplier is:A)1/APS.B) 1/APC.C) 1/MPC.D) 1/MPS.Answer: DType: A Topic: 6 E: 164 MA: 164 Status: New166. The multiplier applies to:A)investment but not to net exports or government spending.B)investment, net exports, and government spending.C)increases in spending but not to decreases in spending.D)spending by the private sector but not by the public sector.Answer: BType: A Topic: 6 E: 164 MA: 164167. The multiplier effect indicates that:A)a decline in the interest rate will cause a proportionately larger increase in investment.B)a change in spending will change aggregate income by a larger amount.C)a change in spending will increase aggregate income by the same amount.D)an increase in total income will generate a larger change in aggregate expenditures.Answer: BUse the following to answer questions 168-173:Answer the next question(s) on the basis of the following table that illustrates the multiplier process. Type: T Topic: 6 E: 156 MA: 156168. Refer to the above table. The marginal propensity to consume is:A). 5.B) . 75.C) . 8.D) . 9.Answer: CType: T Topic: 6 E: 156 MA: 156169. Refer to the above table. The marginal propensity to save is:A). 5.B) . 25.C) . 2.D) . 1.Answer: CType: T Topic: 6 E: 156 MA: 156170. Refer to the above table. The change in income in round two will be:A)$4.B) $16.C) $20.D) $24.Answer: BType: T Topic: 6 E: 164 MA: 164171. Refer to the above table. The total change in income resulting from the initial change in investment will be:A)$100.B) $20.C) $80.D) $200.Answer: A Type: T Topic: 6 E: 165 MA: 165172. Refer to the above table. The total change in consumption resulting from the initial change in investment will be:A)$100.B) $96.C) $180.D) $80.Answer: DType: T Topic: 6 E: 166 MA: 166173. Refer to the above table. The multiplier in this economy is:A)2.B) 4.C) 5.D) 10.Answer: CType: C Topic: 6 E: 164 MA: 164174. If a $200 billion increase in investment spending creates $200 billion of new income in the first round of the multiplier process and $160 billion in the second round, the multiplier in the economy is:A)4.B) 5.C) 3. 33.D) 2. 5.Answer: BType: C Topic: 6 E: 164 MA: 164175. If a $50 billion decrease in investment spending causes income to decline by $50 billion in the first round of the multiplier process and by $25 in the second round, the multiplier in the economy is:A)2.B) 3. 33.C) 5.D) 10.Answer: AType: C Topic: 6 E: 165 MA: 165176. If a $100 billion decrease in investment spending causes income to decline by $100 billion in the first round of the multiplier process and by $75 billion in the second round, income will eventually decline by:A)$200 billion.B) $300 billion.C) $400 billion.D) $500 billion.Answer: CType: C Topic: 6 E: 165 MA: 165177. If a $500 billion increase in investment spending increases income by $500 billion in the first round of the multiplier process and by $450 in the second round, income will eventually increase by:A)$2500 billion.B) $3000 billion.C) $4000 billion.D) $5000 billion.Answer: DType: C Topic: 6 E: 166 MA: 166178. If the marginal propensity to save is 0. 2 in an economy, a $20 billion rise in investment spending will increase:A)GDP by $120 billion.C)saving by $25 billion.B)GDP by $20 billion.D)consumption by $80 billion. Answer: DType: A Topic: 6 E: 166 MA: 166179. A $1 billion increase in investment will cause a:A)(1/MPS) billion increase in GDP.C)(1 – MPC) billion increase in GDP.B)(MPS) billion increase in GDP.D)(MPC – MPS) billion increase in GDP.Answer: AType: F Topic: 6 E: 166-167 MA: 166-167180. The Council of Economic Advisers has estimated that the actual multiplier for the U. S. economy is approximately:A)4.B) 3. 5.C) 3.D) 2.Answer: DType: F Topic: 6 E: 166-167 MA: 166-167 Status: New181. The actual multiplier effect in the U. S. economy is less than the multiplier effect in the text examples because:A)the real-world MPS is larger than the MPS in the examples.B)in addition to saving, households use some of any increase in income to buy imported goods and to pay higher taxes.C)the gap between the nominal interest rate and the real interest rate widens as the economy expands or contracts.D)the MPC in the United States is greater than 1.Answer: BConsider This QuestionsType: F E: 159 MA: 159 Status: New182. (Consider This) U. S. consumption increased between March 2000 and July 2002 even though stock values declined by $3. 7 trillion. One of the reasons was that:A)lower interest rates allowed many households to reduce their monthly loan payments and increase their consumption spending.B)deflation occurred, which increased purchasing power.C)economic growth accelerated relative to the prior two years.D)the unemployment rate dramatically declined.Answer: AType: F E: 159 MA: 159 Status: New183. (Consider This) Part of the wealth effect of a $3. 7 trillion decline in stock values between March 2000 and July 2002 was offset by rising:A)tax rates.B) interest rates.C) house values.D) expectations of future income.Answer: CLast Word QuestionsType: A E: 167 MA: 167184. (Last Word) Art Buchwald's article â€Å"Squaring the Economic Circle† is a humorous description of:A)a negative GDP gap.C)the marginal propensity to save.B)a positive GDP gap.D)the multiplier. Answer: DType: A E: 167 MA: 167185. Last Word) Art Buchwald's article â€Å"Squaring the Economic Circle† humorously describes how:A)a person's decision not to buy an automobile eventually reduces many people's incomes, including that of the person making the original decision.B)a price increase on a single product eventually leads to rapid inflation.C)an increase in imports eventually leads to a greater increase in exports.D)a government tax rate increase eventually results in the government collecting less tax revenue than before the tax rate hike.Answer: ATrue/False QuestionsType: A E: 154 MA: 154186. If DI is $275 billion and the APC is 0. 8, we can conclude that saving is $55 billion.Answer: TrueType: A E: 156 MA: 156187. If the MPC is constant at various levels of income, then the APC must also be constant at all of those income levels.Answer: FalseType: A E: 154 MA: 154188. The average propensity to consume is defined as income divided by consumption.Answer: FalseType: D E: 156 MA: 156189. 1 – MPC = MPS.Answer: TrueType: A E: 159 MA: 159190. A decline in the real interest rate will shift the investment demand curve to the right.Answer: FalseType: A E: 156 MA: 156191. If the Brown family's marginal propensity to consume is 0. 70, then it will necessarily consume seven-tenths of its total income.Answer: FalseType: A E: 156 MA: 156192. 1 + MPS = MPC.Answer: FalseType: A E: 156 MA: 156193. The slope of the consumption schedule is measured by the MPC.Answer: TrueType: A E: 159 MA: 159194. A specific investment will be undertaken if the expected rate of return, r, exceeds the interest rate, i.Answer: TrueType: A E: 163-164 MA: 163-164195. Investment is highly stable; it rarely changes.Answer: FalseType: A E: 156 MA: 156196. The greater the MPC, the greater the multiplier.Answer: TrueType: A E: 166 MA: 166197. If the MPS is 1, the multiplier will be 1.Answer: TrueType: A E: 166 MA: 166198. The multiplier is equal to the reciprocal of the MPC.Answ er: FalseType: F E: 164 MA: 164 Status: New199. The multiplier shows the relationship between changes in a component of spending, say, investment, and the consequent changes in real income and output.Answer: TrueType: F E: 167 MA: 167 Status: New200. The estimate for the value of the real-world multiplier is 2.Answer: True

Biography Of Monk Xuanzang s Journey Essay - 1508 Words

Journey to the West has been a major influence in Chinese culture. Many scholarly interpretations have either criticized or praised the legendary work by Wu Cheng’en, a renowned novelist and poet of Ming Dynasty. The two main contrasting themes of Journey to the West were interpreted as satirical and allegorical. Especially through the events in chapter twenty-nine, where the debate is at its climax: the interpretation of empty scrolls and the behaviour of the two monks as indicator between satire and allegory, meaningless and meaningful. This paper will argue that despite the seemingly satirical layouts of the story, the allegorical message does in fact reflect genuine Daoism and Buddhist values. Although this paper will use examples from various chapters of the book, the main focus will be on the most controversial event of Monk Xuanzang’s journey: the final scripture. Before our analysis, it is important to first refresh ourselves with a brief introduction of Daoist, Confucius and Buddhist core values. Chinese Philosophy: The Three Pillars of Truth The three pillars of Chinese religions are Confucianism, Daoism and Buddhism. Their concepts interrelate, beliefs coinhere and they have influenced Chinese traditions tremendously through over a thousand year. Honorable, genuine relationships have made empires and the hierarchy system successful. Built from Confucius principles of six relations and their corresponding duties. One of the most controversial and often

Entrepreneurship Should Be Aware At The World Of...

ALTHOUGH OWNING A BUSINESS HAS MANY BENEFITS AND PROVIDED MANY OPPORTUNITIES ANYONE PLANNING TO ENTER THE WORLD OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP SHOULD BE AWARE OF ITS POTENTIAL DRAWBACKS Introduction:- Entrepreneurship is defined as the practice of beginning a new trade or reviving an existing business, for capitalizing on fresh opportunities. The statement were analyzing today is all about entrepreneurship. The author here is trying to explain that like every coin has two sides, entrepreneurship also has benefits and drawbacks. Every year the number of people realizing the dream of owning a business is increasing across the world. The level of interest in entrepreneurship among the people is never been higher than in 21st century. At recent study by Ernst and Young shows that 78% of influenced people of America believe that the entrepreneurship will define the trend of the century. There are number of people who leave the security of job in corporate world to live their dream of starting their own business and being independent. Then there are others who are forced to become an entrepreneur as a result of downsizing in the current market and the rest are who themselves decide to b ecome entrepreneur from start. In today’s world money is the only thing that matters. So people blindly jump into the world of entrepreneurship without calculating the risk involved and uncertainty of starting a new business. Although staring and setting up a new business is never easy but with the help andShow MoreRelatedIs Entrepreneurship A Entrepreneurial Career? Essay1750 Words   |  7 PagesWith the growing importance of entrepreneurship within today’s business industry it is of upmost importance to understand the motivations and intentions of individuals wanting to pursue an entrepreneurial career as this now accounts for X of the population and X% of income. 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Childhood Obesity Is A National Epidemic - 1406 Words

Childhood obesity is a national epidemic. Nearly 1 in 3 children (ages 2-19) in the United States is overweight or obese, putting them at risk for serious health problems. Studies show that overweight kids are likely to become overweight and obese adults. This is a significant issue in the U.S. and needs to be monitored closely. Some parents are in denial that their children are obese and do not do anything to help or prevent it. When obesity is a problem at a young age it is very easy to have, it become a habit all throughout their life. My brother is 8 years-old and entering the third-grade next year. He is naturally a bulky boy that carries his weight a little different than others. A few kids from school tend to call his obese and†¦show more content†¦Physicians are on the front lines helping patients in their struggles against obesity. Ideal Protein is a scientifically researched and proven weight loss method that is available to help physicians and their patients to fi ght and win this never-ending battle. With results presented at premier medical meetings, such as the Annual Obesity Summit and the National Obesity Society annual meeting, Ideal Protein is providing physicians and their patients with life-long, health enhancing solutions. Doctors report that Ideal Protein results are repeatable and sustainable; they help reduce hypertension, insulin imbalance, and other heart risks; and they improve lipid profiles and other risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome. When typing in childhood obesity treatments and natural treatments in the incognito function the results all came up the same. I honestly was not surprised that this was the result. 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Strategic Plan Non Governmental Organization

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Plan for Non Governmental Organization. Answer: Introduction This report describes the strategic plan for an organization which is focused on child rights and welfare of children. People basically live in a world having no boundaries. There are some responsibilities of every person towards the society and community. There are some issues in the society of every country. Those are issues of class and ethnicity, inequality, geography and many other issues. In all the issues, there is one more issue i.e. children rights. Child and their right protection must be a priority for the society. This report provides the strategic plan for a new nongovernmental organization which is working in the United Arab Emirates. The report proposes the concept of new organization which will protect the rights of children in the society (Courtney, 2002). Children are basically experience neglect, violence, abuse, and exploitation in most of the areas in the society. There are millions of children who are affected and even more are at risk. So, child and their rights protection must be the key priority for the society and its people. The proposed organization will work as the child protector in the community of Dubai. The organization will focus in the partnership with the other organizations and government, child-led initiatives, and people to stop the violence against children. It is important for the children to protect them from abuse, neglect, violence and exploitation so that they can enjoy their rights to development, participants and survival in the society. There are many children who drop out of school due to safety and protection issues. Failure in protecting children rights has negative impact on the children that continue in their adult life. It is essential to save their rights for making them future citizens of the coun try. The name of nongovernmental organization will be Smile Foundation which will spread happiness on the faces of children (Ritchie Weinberg, 2000). Situation faced by organization It is stated that the organization is going to start work in the United Arab Emirates. Before starting, it is important t for the organization to analyze the problems related to the children in the country. The children face discrimination in the country. Non-citizen children in the country have limited access to the basic rights. There is the issue of education and child trafficking and force labor is the main and big issue in the country. Children are used to be kidnapped and sold at the age of 4 or 5 years. Further, there is the issue of child abuse. Child marriage is still widespread in the UAE. According to one report of UNICEF, it is estimated that around 55% of women younger than 20 years are already married in the country. So, the priority areas for organization are: Physical and humiliating punishment, Children and work, Children protection in emergencies, and Children without appropriate care (UNICEF, 2014). Each and Every child deserves a life without neglect, violence, abuse and exploitation. This can be happen when a child grows up in the safe family. Abuse and valance are the serious issues that occur in all parts of the world. Violence against children includes unsafe migration, child trafficking, child abusive images, and climate related disasters. So, the organization will define the appropriate strategies to save the rights of the children. These are the issues by which the organization has to deal in the country (Lewis, 2007). Publics and target people The organization wants to reach out as many helpless children and orphans as much as possible. The organization will mainly focus on the rights and well-being of the children in the United Arab Emirates. The children who have the age of zero to 18 will be targeted by the organization. In the country, most of the children have age of 12 and above of this age, children are to be considered as young people rather than children. So, organization will focus on the rights and well-being of children and young people. Along with this, the member of the organization will work with young people over 18 as they need particular care such as children having disabilities. The organization will advocate for more integrated child and youth policies to make sure for smooth move into maturity (Andreasen Kotler, 2003). Goals and objectives Organization understands the right of education for children. Organization believes in the education for the full development of the children in terms of personality, talent, sense of dignity and capacity. For this, the organization will promote education inclusive education to minimize the discrimination and allow each boy and girl to get basic education. This education will be child-centered and will be based on motivation, characteristics, dream, experience and realities of children. This goal has further three objectives: Right to education- The aim is creating important and necessary conditions to provide basic education to all the children in the country without any kind of differentiation by the organization. Right in education- The aim of organization is to implement the relevant, important and creative learning and teaching process which will be student centered to help the children in developing their talent, personality and capacities for the future. Right through education- Organization has aim to promote critical, inclusive and participatory education to the children in Dubai which will respect to human rights and will teach to engage with the society. As the organization is working for the children, the goal of the organization is to protect them from any violation. Organization understands the right to protection so; organization will try to provide healthy environment to the children that will be free of any kind of discrimination, exploitation, and degrading punishment. Further objectives under this goal are: Promote the family and society environment for children which will be free of violence, negligence, abuse and mistreatment, Reduction of child labor and abolition which are the cause of child exploitation by increasing the number of children for the education system, and Protection of children in the country from the natural disasters by providing them community residences and resilience (Muturia Oeba, 2012). There is the need of good governance which will involve active and efficient participation of children. There is the requirement of the process which will provide the effective governance to the children in the country to promote their rights. The objectives under this are: Organization will fulfill its duties by establishing the effective structure, laws and policies which will focus on child rights. For this, organization will work with the local government to develop the child right strategies, The aim is to ensure effective role of community and civil society to build and monitor the strategies to promote and defend the child rights, and Children are right holder for organization will participate actively in the society to express their ideas and viewpoints, and will claim their rights related to them. Actions and strategies After setting the goals and objectives, it is the time to implement the strategies and actions to save the child rights. First goal of the organization is to provide education to the children. To achieve this goal: Organization will identify the main cause for children who are not getting the opportunities of the education system i.e. health, family, community or poverty etc. Organization will provide safe, healthy and proactive educational environment to the children, and Will cooperate and partnership with the various schools in UAE. For achieving second goal i.e. protection, the strategies of organization will: Promoting birth registration system and fighting against the negligence for the survival of the children, Fighting against the worst form of child labor, and Developing and implementing the disaster risk-management plan to fulfill the specific needs of children (Kameri-Mbote, 2008). For achieving third goal i.e. governance, the strategies and actions will be: Supporting the designs of all local and national strategies which have the agenda of child development, Collaborating with teachers, parents and society as the active agent to change their attitude towards children rights and Supporting the effective participation of children in decision making with the places and communities (Bennett Sargeant, 2005). The aim of the Smile Foundation is that the child rights for every child must be protected. The organization will strengthen the community based child protection system and will work with the other partners i.e. government and other social actors in community. The slogan for the organization will match its aim. The slogan will be Rights for children, Rights for future. Mission and vision The mission of the organization will be to improve the lives of children by the better realization of their human rights in society. For this part, organization will work to ensure that children in Dubai freely enjoy their rights and live their life in which they will free from discrimination, their best interest will always be taken into account, and they will get opportunities to maximize and improve their development etc. The vision of the organization will be for all the children to understand their rights in Dubai. The aim of organization is to provide the experience to the children about their rights in every day of their lives. To create awareness among the community of the country regarding children rights and to provide effective education to the children, organization will use the various public relations tools in the strategic plans (Basil, 2011). Those public relations tools are: Online media will be used to create awareness about the child issues in the society. In present time, online and social media is the most effective tool to make the people aware about any issue. In the online media, social medial tools will be used by the organization. social media tools will include YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter which will be used to send the message regarding child issues and their protections. Social media will be effective to make the people creative and aware (Macedo Pinho, 2006). Direct mailing is the part of online media which will also be used by the organization. The messages and mails related to child education, child protection, care and child trafficking will be send so that the people in the society will know this face of human beings. This will be two ways communication method by which people will be able to share their viewpoints and thoughts for protecting the child rights (Liao, Foreman Sargeant, 2001). News and magazines Due to various newspapers and magazines organization will be able to show the real life of needed children and their conditions in the society. Organization can show this by pictures and images and ask the people for help the needed people. Although, this is the traditional method but it is considered as the most effective communication method. This method is expensive but still it will be used to show the issues of the child by various short films and news. This communication tool will be helpful for the organization to reach the people and make them aware for their bright society (Williamson, 2009). Conclusion Children are the important contribution of the society. By focusing on the child issues in Dubai, there is the need of effective nongovernmental organization in the country which will work for the child rights and protections. From the above analysis, it has observed that if the Smile Foundation will work properly with the proposed strategic plan then the society will be free from the serious child issues. The goals and objectives are the organizations are clear i.e. education, protection and governance. By these objectives, organization will be able to make the discrimination free environment for the children of the country. It is not only important to create strategic plan but also important to evaluate and monitor it time to time. The organization will monitor the plan by forming a review committee and the evaluation will be done on three times i.e. initial evaluation, mid-term evaluation and final evaluation for the effective strategic plan to protect the childs rights. References Andreasen, A.R. Kotler, P., (2003). Strategic Marketing for Non-profit Organizations. NJ: Prentice-Hall Basil, M., (2011). Marketing and social enterprises: implications for social marketing: Journal of Social Marketing. 5(4), pp.285 306 Bennett, R. Sargeant A., (2005). The non-profit marketing landscape: guest editors introduction to a special section: Journal of Business research. 58. 797-805. Courtney, R. (2002). Strategic Management for Voluntary and Non-profit Organisations. UK: Routledge Kameri-Mbote, P. (2008). Strategic planning and implementation of public involvement in environmental decision: Environmental Law Research Centre Working. Nairobi Lewis, D. (2007). The management of non-governmental development organizations. London: Routledge Publications Liao, M., Foreman, S. Sargeant, A., (2001). Market versus societal orientation in the non-profit context: International Journal of Non-profit and Voluntary Sector Marketing. 6(3). pp. 254268. Macedo, I.M. Pinho, J.C., (2006). The relationship between resource dependence and market orientation: The specific case of non profit organisations, European Journal of Marketing. 40(5/6). pp. 533553. Muturia, J. M. Oeba, L. K., (2012). Strategic planning, planning outcomes and organizational performance. University of Nairobi Ritchie, R.J.B. Weinberg C. B., (2000). A typology of nonprofit competition: Insights for social marketers. Social Marketing Quarterly. 6(3). 64-71. UNICEF, (2014). Ending Violence against children. Retrieved on 17th April 2017 from https://www.unicef.org/publications/files/Ending_Violence_Against_Children_Six_strategies_for_action_EN_2_Sept_2014.pdf Williamson, D., (2009). Marketing Communications in Non-profit Organizations. Centre for Public and Non-profit Leadership. Georgetown University.

Living in a Big City free essay sample

Living in a big city Some people prefer living in a small town while others prefer living in a large city. I think there are far more advantages living in a large city then there is in living in a small town. Some example would be more options in transportation, more entertainment, and more job opportunities. Firstly, the stronger point of big city that small town lacks in is the public  transportation. Most of small towns do not give a lot of access to various  vehicles. On the other hand, it is widely known that big city often offers more  choices of public transportation than the small town. For example, big cities such as Vancouver, the subway run twenty-four hours for seven  days a week and also there are numerous numbers of taxi and bus which spread to  every area. As a result, people can go everywhere they want easily with public  transportation. We will write a custom essay sample on Living in a Big City or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is very help for elders who no longer can drive and need another form of transportation to get around. In addition to public transportation, access to greater entertainment facility is   another positive aspect of living in a big city. There is entertainment on every corner you go! From fancy restaurants having live bands, to night clubs, and watching live sports, you would always find something new and entertaining and you will never be bored! For example in a small town like St. Thomas you will never see a live concert or any famous people around because they usually go to the bigger cities were there’s a bigger audience. The same goes to the live sports usually big finals or exiting games happen in bigger cities like Toronto where there is more fans to cheer them on. Also in any given day that you want to hang out with your friend there’s always endless fun things you can do in a big city like going to one of the best night club available or a fancy restaurant. This shows clearly  that the entertainment facility in the big city provides more convenience and  self-indulgence to people that they cannot get if they live in small town. Finally, the last reason that best explains the advantages of life in a big city is the job opportunities. Due to the large number of people live in big city,  there are more professions, job positions and companies which are available for  young people especially the ones who specialise in specific subjects. In contrast  with small town that has fewer people, job positions and professions are limited  because big companies do not usually establish their headquarters there. For  example, in fashion career, big city such as Toronto has higher rate of fifty percents in job employment than small town like St. Thomas. Also if you want a career as a famous singer/ actor or be successful at a sport in a professional level a small towns would not get you as far as living in a big city because all the influence and sponsors who help get far are located in bigger area where most of the population is. Therefore, it is  absolutely better for people to live in a big city as it is the ultimate chance  to search for desired job that relates to their knowledge. In conclusion there are three main reasons which show why life in a big city is   better by considering from brilliant public transportation, entertainment  attractions and job opportunities that are rarely found in most small towns. If  there is no change in the development of these aspects in small town, more and  more people will certainly leave their home town in order to gain more access of  these features in the big city.